发表于 2023年1月29日 08:41
12 紧急情况下运行 Emergency operation
本章目录 Contents
12.1 概述 general
12.2 紧急情况的定义 definition of emergency
12.2.1 定义 definition
12.2.2 紧急情况的范畴 emergency classification
12.3 紧急程序 emergency procedure
12.4 紧急情况下运行时机长的职责 captain’s duty and responsibility in emergency situation
12.5 紧急情况下运行时机长应急处置权力 captain’s authority in emergency operation
12.6 紧急情况基本处置原则 basic principle in dealing with an emergency
12.7 紧急情况下运行时机长决断 captain’s decision making in emergency operation
12.8 紧急情况运行时的通信和机组基本操作 communication and basic manuvers for flight crew in emergency operation
12.8.1 宣布紧急状态declaration of emergency
12.8.2 紧急情况下机组分工的一般原则 general principles of task sharing in emergency operation
12.8.3 紧急情况下机组成员的职责和权力 flight crew’s duty,responsibility and authority
12.8.3.1 机长 captain
12.8.3.2 其他机组成员 flight crew other than captain
12.8.4 在紧急情况中获取地面支援acquire ground assistance in emergency
12.9 公司紧急反应程序 CSN emergency procedure
12.10 飞行中发现或得知其它飞机遇险时的处置 handling methods of other emergency aircraft in flight
12.11 紧急状态的阶段划分和搜寻救援工作 emergency phrase classification and search and rescue
12.12 各种紧急情况下的运行 operations under various emergency situations
12.12.1 中断起飞takeoff aborted
12.12.2 发动机失效 engine failure
12.12.3 火警和失火 fire warning and fire
12.12.4 紧急下降emergency desecnt
12.12.5 紧急撤离 emergency evacuation
12.12.5.1 飞机的设备和使用要求aircraft equipment and requirements for operation of the equipment
12.12.5.2 紧急撤离原则principle of emergency evacuation
12.12.5.3 责任顺序 responsibilty order
12.12.5.4 非计划撤离unplanned evacuation
12.12.5.5 计划撤离 planned evacuation
12.12.5.6 机组职责 duty and responsibility of flight crew
12.12.6 返航紧急着陆 emergency landing for returned flight
12.12.7 迷航 disorientation in flight
12.12.8 迫降 forced landing
12.12.8.1 水上迫降 ditching
12.12.8.2 陆地迫降forced landing on land
12.12.8.3 紧急定位信标 emergency orientation beacon
12.12.9 飞行人员能力丧失 incapability of flight crew
12.12.9.1 总则 general principle
12.12.9.2 概况 general situation
12.12.9.3 发现丧失能力的方法methods of determing incapability
12.12.9.4 发现机组成员失能后的处置procedure in dealing with the incapable crew
12.12.10 通讯失效 communication failure
12.12.10.1 概述general
12.12.10.2 陆空通讯失效程序air-ground communicatin failure
12.12.10.3 接收机失效receiver failure
12.12.10.4 国际（地区）飞行时international(regional)flight
12.12.10.5 国内飞行时domestic flight
12.12.10.6 双向通信失效时应答机的使用transponder operation in two-way radio communications failure
12.12.11 最低油量和紧急油量minium fuel and emergency fuel
12.12.12 空中劫持hijacking
12.12.12.1 公司关于处置劫持飞机事件的政策依据policy of CSN procedure for handling hijacking
12.12.12.2 公司关于发生劫持飞机事件的处理指导原则guidlines of CSN procedure for handling hijacking
12.12.12.3 机组处置劫机事件的基本程序 basic flight crew procedure for handling hijacking
12.12.12.4 劫机处置过程的指导guidelines for handling hijacking
12.12.12.5 机组处置程序 handling procedure for flight crew
12.12.12.6 ATC处置程序ATC handling procedure
12.12.12.7 飞机着陆后/飞机在地面的处置程序procedure
12.12.12.8 相关的国际民航组织公约 relative international civial aviation Treaty/convention
12.12.13 拦截interception
12.12.13.1 概述 general
12.12.13.2 拦截阶段 interception phase
12.12.13.3 被拦截飞机的程序 intercepted aircraft procedure
12.12.14 空中放油 fuel dumping
12.12.15 超重着陆overweight landing
12.12.16 炸弹或蓄意破坏行为威胁 bomb or sabotage threat
12.12.16.1 飞机停留在地面时受到威胁threaten
12.12.16.2 飞机停留在地面时受到来自机上人员的威胁a threat received from onboard on an aircraft on the ground
12.12.16.3 飞机在飞行中受到炸弹威胁或蓄意破坏威胁 a bomb or sabotage threat received on an airborn aircraft
12.12.16.4 客机最小风险爆炸位置（LRBL）least risk bomb location
12.12.16.5 地面检查程序check procedure on ground
12.12.17 挥发性液体威胁 volatile liquid threat
12.12.18 有毒化学物品、微生物的紧急处置方案Toxic substance and microbe emergency procedure
12.12.19 紧急医疗事件emergency medical event
12.12.20 鸟击bird strike
12.13 检查单checklist
驾驶舱飞机上有炸弹应急处置检查单（cockpit） checklist for bomb on board handling
客舱飞机上有炸弹应急处置检查单（cabin ）checklist for bomb on board
公司爆炸物搜查检查单CSN checklist for search of bomb.
12.1
概述：紧急情况下运行应执行应急处置程序，在大多数情况下，应急程序中的操作技术和处置动作都包含在飞机使用手册和相关的检查单中，本章针对紧急情况下运行时机长的决断政策、需要综合考虑的因素以及背景信息和注意事项，给飞行机组以相关提示。
General: Emergency procedures shall be performed In the event of any emergency. For most emergency situations, the emergency maneuvers, techniques and procedures are contained in the AFM and the related checklists. This chapter aims at providing required knowledge to the flight crew regarding factors, which shall be taken into consideration, and the captain’s decision-making process in the event of an emergency,
12.2 紧急情况的定义 definition of emergency
12.2.1 定义 definition
12.2.1.1 在飞行的各阶段，遇到或所发生的某一特殊情况，其性质和程度严重威胁到飞机和人员的安全；A special event which seriously affects the safety of the aircraft, crew or passengers during any phase of flight;
12.2.1.2 任何影响飞行安全的飞机发动机、飞机关键系统或重要部件在飞行过程中发生故障The malfunction of any engine, key parts or systems in flight;
12.2.1.3 任何时候遇有危及飞行安全的情况或出于对安全的考虑需要偏离规定的程序或最低标准时；Conditions which affect the flight safety and require deviation from the normal procedure or minimums in the concern of safety;
12.2.1.4 事故：在任何乘坐航班的旅客登机至全部乘坐航班的旅客到达航班目的地的时间段内，机上任何成员受到致命伤害或严重受伤，或者飞机受到实质性损坏的飞机运行事件；Accident: an occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft, which takes place between the time the first person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight until all such persons have disembarked, and in which any person suffers fatal injury or serious injury, or in which the aircraft receives substantial damage.
12.2.1.5 致命伤害：由于在事故中受伤导致在事故后30天内死亡；Fatal injury: any injury which results in death within 30 days of the accident.
12.2.1.6 严重伤害：在事故发生后的7天内，由于受伤需要留院治疗超过48小时的，导致任何部位骨折（不包括简单的手指、脚趾和鼻骨骨折）、或严重的出血、神经、肌肉和肌腱受伤，涉及到任何内部器官受伤，或者烧伤面积占体表面积5%以上；Serious injury: any injury which requires hospitalization for more than 48 hours, commencing within 7 days from the date the injury was received; results in a fracture of any bone (except simple fractures of fingers, toes, or nose); causes severe hemorrhages, nerve, muscle, or tendon damage; involves any internal organ; or any burns affecting more than 5 percent of the body surface.
12.2.1.7 飞机实质性损伤：严重影响飞机结构强度、飞机性能和飞机特性，通常需要大修或更换受影响的部件的飞机损伤或部件失效；发动机失效或损失限于一台发动机，构架整流罩或发动机整流罩、蒙皮凹陷、蒙皮或结构被穿刺小孔、转子或螺旋桨叶片在地面损伤和起落架、轮子、轮胎、襟翼、发动机附件、刹车、或翼梢的损伤不被认为是飞机实质性损伤；Substantial damage of an aircraft: damage of failure which adversely affects the structure strength, performance or flight characteristics of the aircraft, and which would normally require major repair or replacement of the affected compoment. Engine failure or damage limited to an engine if only one engine fails or is damaged, bent fairings or cowling, dented skin, small punctured holes in the skin or fabric, ground damage to rotor or propeller blades, and damage to landing gear, wheels, tires, flaps, engine accessories, brakes, or wingtips are not considered substantial damage.
12.2.1.8 遇险：受到严重和/急迫的危险威胁并需要立即援助的情况；Distress: a condition threatened by serious and/or imminent danger, which requires immediate assistance.
12.2.1.9 紧急情况：影响飞行安全，需要及时的但不是立即协助的情况，紧急情况可以视为潜在的危急情况；Urgency: a condition concerned with safety requiring timely, but not immediate assistance.
12.2.1.10 事故征候：事故情况以外的，影响或可能影响运行安全的事件；Incident: an occurrence other than an accident associated with the operation of an aircraft, which affects or could affect the safety of operations.
12.2.1.11 非正常情况：除事故和事故征候外的不正常情况；Abnormal condition: any abnormal occurrence, other than an accident or incident.
12.2.2 紧急情况的范畴emergency classification
12.2.2.1 发动机部分或完全失效；Engine failure or partial failure;
12.2.2.2 飞机或飞机的某些系统设备发生故障或损坏,以致不能保证正常飞行,包括但不限于机舱失压、起落架系统故障、导航系统失效、刹车失效、重要通信设备失效、较重要的操纵钢索或连杆等传动装置损坏；Aircraft or systems failure or damage which cause normal flight to be incapable, including but not limited to depressurization, failure of undercarriage system, damage to navigation system, brake system, communication equipment, steering cables or linkage devices.
12.2.2.3 飞行中的任何火警，包括发动机火警、轮舱火警和无法迅速有效判明但可以消除或扑灭的机舱冒烟或火警；Any fire in flight, including engine fire, wheel well fire and cabin fire or the fire which can be extinguished but can not be identified promptly;
12.2.2.4 迷航:飞行中飞行组不能判明飞机所在位置,无法确定应飞航向,以致不能按照预定计划完成飞行任务的飞行状态；Disorientation in flight: the state in which the flight crew can not identify the position and the heading of the aircrart, therefore the preplanned flight can not be fulfilled;
12.2.2.5 失去通信联络:飞行中,空中交通管制员开始呼叫飞机或机长依照要求应进行请示、报告的时间起,管制员利用所有通信频率多次呼叫机长而时间超过30分钟,仍未收到回答的状态；Communication failure: in flight, the state in which ATC calls the aircraft or the captain on all the frequencies without a response for more than 30 minutes;
12.2.2.6 飞机被劫持或遭受袭击；Being hijacked or attacked;
12.2.2.7 飞机上发现爆炸物或不明危险品；Explosives or unidentified dangerous items are found;
12.2.2.8 迫降；Forced landing;
12.2.2.9 飞机发生事故；Aircraft accident;
12.2.2.10 超机型限制的运行(例如:严重颠簸等)；Exceeding aircraft tolerances (e.g. Severe turbulence)
12.2.2.11 飞行中机组人员或旅客严重疾病或受伤的紧急医疗事件；Medical emergency in the event of illness or injury of passenger or crew member in flight;
12.2.2.12 机长认为继续飞行会严重影响安全的其他任何情况。Any condition under which the captain considers performing the rest of the flight can jeopardize safety;
12.3 紧急程序 emergency procedure
12.3.1 概述：General:
12.3.1.1 由于每个紧急情况的不同环境，使得任何处置程序不可能详细地包括所有方面；Note: Due to the various emergency circumstances, not all the aspects of the procedure are included;(not all the situations can be expected/anticipated, therefore the manual or the chapter can not cover all associated procedure)
12.3.1.2 处理紧急情况时，担任指挥的空中交通管制单位将与有关航空公司和机场当局保持密切的协调，管制人员应根据机组的报告和收集到的其他信息作出正确判断。During an emergency, ATC maintains complete coordination with the concerned airline and the airport authority, to make the best judgement from the informations received from the flight crew and other sources when handling the emergency situations.
12.3.1.3 用于表示紧急情况的ATC 应答机特殊编码：Emergency transponder code:
（1） 代码7700，表示飞机处于紧急状态；7700: indicate the state of an emergency
（2） 代码7500，表示飞机受到非法干扰。7500: indicate the state of an unlawful interference
12.3.2 空中交通管制部门应为处于紧急状态（包括非法干扰）提供便利和优先。ATC will provide assistance and give priority to the emergency aircraft (Including unlawful interference)
12.3.3 遇险频率 Distress frequency
12.3.3.1 ICAO通讯程序要求遇险的飞机在空中应使用与航空无线电台正常通讯使用的频率。但是，飞机坠毁或迫降后，需要使用特定的频率，以便在世界范围内取得一致，并通过尽可能多的电台建立或保持警戒，包括方向搜寻电台和海军移动服务的电台等等。The ICAO communication procedures require that the flight in distress should use the frequency for normal communications with aeronautical stations at the time. However, it is recognized that, after an aircraft has crashed or ditched, there is a need for designating a particular frequency or frequencies to be used in order that uniformity may be attained on a world-wide basis, and so that a guard may be maintained or set up by as many stations as possible including direction-finding stations and stations of the Maritime Mobile Service.
12.3.3.2 对于求救定位仪则提供了下列紧急/遇险频率：With respect to the emergency locator transmitter (ELT) the following emergency/distress frequencies are provided:
（1） VHF—121.5MHZ
（2） UHF---243.0MHZ
（3） HF---500KHZ，2182KHZ，8364KHZ.
12.3.3.3 500KHZ和2182KHZ是向海洋服务求助时使用的国际遇险频率。500KHZ and 2182KHZ are the international distress frequencies to be used when requesting assistance from the maritime service.
12.3.4 紧急情况下应答机的调置：遇到紧急情况的飞行员应将应答机设置为编码7700，此后可按照ATC的指示调置应答机编码；此外，任何时候如果飞行员有特别的理由相信是最佳的行动，可以选择代码A7700；Transponder operation in an emergency: the pilot of an emergency aircraft shall set the transponder to Mode A Code 7700,later set the code as directed by the ATC. The pilot may select A7700 whenever he/she has specific reason to believe that this would be the best course of action.
12.3.5 遇险和紧急信号（本章中的任何规定都不应阻止遇险飞机自主地采取任何方法来引起注意，或告知其位置并取得帮助）。Distress and emergency signal (none of the provisions in this chapter shall prevent the use, by an aircraft in distress, of any means at its disposal to attract attention, make known its position and obtain help)
12.3.5.1 遇险信号：以下信号，无论是单独或是一起使用，都表明严重和紧迫的威胁，要求立即取得帮助：Distress signal: the following signals, used either together or separately, mean that grave and imminent danger threatens, and immediate assistance is required:
（1） 由无线电或其它方式发出的信号，同一组SOS信号组成（摩尔斯电码为···---···）；a signal made by radiotelegraphy or by any other signaling method consisting of the group SOS(Morse code···---···);
（2） 由无线电发出的信号，由MAYDAY MAYDAY组成；a signal sent by radiotelephony consisting of the spoken work MAYDAY;
（3） 火箭或是炮弹发出红光，每次发一枚，间隔较短；rockets or shells throwing red lights, fired one at a time at short intervals; and
（4） 伞投照明弹，发出红光。 a parachute-flare showing a red light.
12.3.5.2 紧急信号Urgency signals
（1） 以下信号，无论是单独或是一起使用，都表明飞机遇到了困难，被迫降落但不要求立即的援助：The following signals, used either together or separately, mean that an aircraft wishes to give notice of difficulties which compel it to land without requiring immediate assistance:
a. 重复打开然后关闭着陆灯；the repeated switching on and off of the landing light; or
b. 重复打开然后关闭航行灯。repeated switching on and off the navigating lights.
（2） 以下信号，无论是单独或是一起使用，都表明飞机有一个非常紧急的信息要传递，事关一艘船、一架飞机或是其它交通工具的安全，或是人员的安全。The following signals, used either together or separately, mean that an aircraft has a very urgent message to transmit concerning the safety of a ship, aircraft, other vehicle, or persons on board:
a. 无线电或是其它方式发出的信号，由一组xxx组成；a signal made by radiotelegraphy or by any other signaling method consisting of the group XXX;or
b. 由无线电传递的信号，由PAN PAN组成。a signal sent by radiotelephony consisting of the spoken words PAN PAN.
12.4 紧急情况下运行时机长的职责：当在紧急情况下运行时，机长要明确主要职责：Captain’s duty and responsibility: captain shall be in full awareness of his duty and responsibility during the event of an emergency:
12.4.1 组织全体机组成员依照程序要求正确处置; organize all the flight crew to perform the emergency procedure correctly;
12.4.2 严格按照国际民航紧急程序处置原则,指挥机组成员或机上其他人员执行应急处置程序,对处置的后果负责,并用最迅速的手段直接或通过最近的空中交通管制向公司运行控制中心报告飞行的紧急情况或事故情况; follow the ICAO procedure strictly, instruct flight crew to perform emergency procedure, and notify (or via ATC) the nearest SOC office as soon as possible;
12.4.3 如机长收到船舶或其它飞机的遇险信号或发现遇险的船舶、飞机及其人员,应将遇险情况及时报告就近的空中交通管制，并给予可能的合理援助。If the captain receives distress signals of any ship, other aircraft or find any ship, aircraft or persons in distress, report the distress situation to the nearest ATC, and provide assistance if practicable;
12.4.4 为保证飞机和机上载运人员的安全，机长对飞机的安全运行拥有最后决定权和处置权，但如果时间允许，在行使权力之前必须考虑机组其他成员的提示和建议；The captain is authorized to make the final decision for the safety of the aircraft and all persons on board. If time permits, suggestions and advices from other crew shall be fully considered.
12.4.5 飞机遇险时，机长有权指挥机组成员和飞机内的其他人员采取措施，使人员和财产损失降至最低；In the event of a distress situation, the captain is authorized to take actions necessary to minimize the deaths, injuries of persons and minimize property damage.
12.4.6 机长应选择在当时环境中最可靠的处置方法，并尽量将紧急情况的性质、飞机位置、机长意图和所需援助等信息通知空中交通管制员；Captain shall select the most reliable way in handling the emergency and notify ATC on the nature of the emergency, position of the aircraft, intentions of the captain and assistance needed.
12.4.7 在因遇险而必须撤离飞机的紧急情况下，机长必须采取措施，首先组织旅客安全离开飞机；机长对飞机所载人员的安全负责，应当在明确知晓飞机所载人员已经全部离开遇险飞机之后，最后离开飞机；未经机长同意，机组人员不得擅自离开飞机；如机长或者机组其他人员在飞机所载人员全部离开飞机前脱离自己的职责岗位国务院民用航空主管部门将给予警告或者吊扣执照一个月至六个月的处罚，并可以给予吊销执照的处罚；In the event of an emergency situation where evacuation is necessary, the captain shall take action to ensure the passengers are evacuated safely and without delay; captain is responsible for the safety of all the persons on board. Captain should stay on board until all the persons have evacuated. Other crewmember shall remain on board until the completion of the emergency procedure or leave the aircraft only by the order of the captain. Flight crew shall be in full awareness of the regulations of the aviation authority which will impose penalties (suspension or revoke of the licenses) to the flight crew member evacuating ahead of passengers; and
12.4.8 紧急情况处置完成后，机长应将事件过程和处置情况的书面报告呈交公司航空安全监察部。在发生事故或紧急情况后，机长必须如实进行报告，不得隐瞒或夸大实施情况，并且应尽早报告发生的情况，以便及时组织援助和开展事故调查。After the emergency, the captain shall file a written report regarding the occured events and procedures taken to flight safety inspection department, so as to make an in time assistance to the investigation. The report shall be honest and true.
12.5 紧急情况下运行时机长应急处置权力 Captain’s Authority in Emergency Operations:
12.5.1 当任何情况或条件危及飞行安全时，机长有权宣布紧急状态；In the event the flight safety is jeopardized, it is the captain’s decision to declare the emergency
12.5.2 在紧急情况下，机长可以根据需要采取必要的措施。只要是从安全考虑，机长可以偏离已规定的程序或最低标准，也可以偏离空中交通管制部门许可；During an emergency, it is the captain’s decision to take any actions necessary, including deviation from company procedure, weather minimums, and ATC clearances for the safety of aircraft and persons on board.
12.5.3 飞行中机长应授权：如果是一名机组人员首先发现紧急情况而又来不及通知机长，该机组成员可以采取必要的行动确保飞行安全；并设法将危急情况报告机长；Authorization in flight: if one crew member other than the captain first discovers an emergency and time does not permit notification to the captain, the crew member may take immediate actions necessary to safeguard the flight. As soon as practicable, the crew member shall notify the captain;
12.5.4 飞行中遇到需要执行非正常检查单的情况时，机长有权在任何时间宣布重新确定机组分工。During the abnormal/emergency operation, it is the captain’s decision to redistribute, at any time, the responsibilities of the crew.
12.6 紧急情况基本处置原则
12.6.1 当飞机处于坠毁、可控撞地或迫降或地面发生意外事件（冲、偏出跑道、中断起飞等）在可能的情况下，机组应遵循以下处置原则When the aircraft has crash landed, CFIT , forced landing or ground accident(runway excursion, Rejected T/O),the following actions shall be taken when practicable:
12.6.1.1 尽快通知公司飞行签派和航空管制员 notify ATC and nearest SOC office as soon as possible;
12.6.1.2 断开驾驶舱语音记录器跳开关；de-activate the cockpit voice recorder;
12.6.1.3 从机上撤离所有成员；evacuate all persons from the aircraft;
12.6.1.4 提供第一时间救助；provide first aid;
12.6.1.5 保护现场不被侵入或盗窃，直至当地职能部门替代相应的保安职责；protect the area from trespassing and pilfering until the local authorities assume security responsibilities.
12.6.1.6 除非基于以下情况，否则在没有得到相关职能机构特别许可前，不要弄乱、移动或者处理飞机残片、货物、记录仪或记录设备；Do not disturb, move, or remove wreckage, cargo, records, or recording mediums until the specific office grants specific permission except as follows:
（1） 救助被困或受伤的人员；to remove trapped or injured persons;
（2） 保护飞机或残片不被进一步损坏；to protect the aircraft or wreckage from further damage; or
（3） 保护公众不受伤害；to protect the public from injury.
12.6.1.7 避免向媒体或公众发表意见；Refrain from making statements to the press or public; and
12.6.1.8 当机组成员被强制协助局方进行事故调查时，为避免药物作用影响思维能力，在服用了药物的情况下不应该与局方或事故调查方人员谈话；While the crew is obligated to aid the authority in its investigation of an accident, crewmembers should not discuss the accident with the authority while on medication which may interfere with the ability to think clearly.
12.6.2 在处理飞行中的任何紧急情况之前，机长必须保证飞机的航径和飞机状态已经得到安全控制；In flight, prior to commencing any action in dealing with the emergency, the captain shall confirm that the flight path and status of the aircraft are under control.
12.6.3 必须有明确的机组分工，在处理飞行中的紧急情况时,任何时候操纵飞行员不得脱离对飞行仪表的监控； In handling abnormal or emergency events, the cockpit crew shall follow standard cockpit work distribution unless ordered differently by the captain. PF shall be always at the controls of the aircraft.
12.6.4 机长接到紧急情况报告后应及时向就近的空中交通管制员报告飞行情况，并宣布紧急状态，请求必要的指挥和应急服务援助；In an unsafe situation, the captain shall notify the nearest ATC as soon as possible, declare the emergency and request ground support.
12.6.5 如果需要偏离预先的空中交通管制部门许可，应尽快获得一个新的许可；If deviation from the previous clearance of ATC is necessary, a new clearance shall be acquired as soon as possible.
12.6.6 在尽可能的情况下，向公司运行控制中心报告，以获得必要的技术支援；Contact the nearest SOC office as soon as practicable in order to acquire technical support.
12.6.7 当飞行中发生特殊情况，不能继续飞往着陆机场时，应当选择最近合适机场着陆，并及时报告空中交通管制部门和运行控制中心During abnormal situations, when flight is unable to proceed to planned destination, the captain shall divert to the most suitable airport, and notify ATC and the nearest SOC office in time.
12.6.8 如果不能继续飞行，需要迫降时，应当立即报告空中交通管制部门和公司运行控制中心，报告内容：航班号、飞机号、故障情况、迫降时间和迫降地点，并按照本机型规定的程序进行迫降应急撤离；If a forced landing is necessary, the captain shall notify ATC and SOC office immediately, and provide, as much as possible, the following information: flight number, registration number, malfunction, time and place for forced landing. Forced landing shall be conducted in accordance with the related QRH.
12.6.9 当飞机、发动机飞行中受到损伤时，应当避免剧烈动作和大速度飞行；When the aircraft or engines are damaged in flight, abrupt control actions and high-speed flight shall be avoided.
12.6.10 在某些紧急情况下，飞机对其邻近的建筑、飞机或人员构成威胁时，如飞机中断起飞、发动机或机上任何形式的火警、飞机被劫持、机上有爆炸物或危险物的泄漏等，处于这类带有紧急状态的飞机禁止滑行至接近候机楼和/或停场飞机较多的拥挤地带（如停机坪）；Under certain emergency circumstances, such as aborted takeoff, any type of fire including engine fire, hijacking, explosives on board or dangerous goods leakage, which create threat to the nearby buildings, aircraft and persons, aircraft is not allowed to reach the vicinity of terminal building and/or congested area (such as ramp).
12.6.11 在飞机发动机、飞机系统或部件发生故障时，应严格按照快速参考手册（QRH）进行处置；在按照检查单处置故障时，如需要关断重要的设备或系统时，必须按要求交叉检查、互相确认，并由机长决断之后方可开始操作；这些重要的设备或系统包括：If engine, airplane system or part has failed, perform the procedures in QRH; when it is necessary to turn off the important devices or systems according to the procedure, cross check and confirm, and it is the captain’s decision to perform the procedure; the important systems/switches or procedures include the following:
12.6.11.1 收回失效发动机的推理/手柄；requirement to retard the thrust lever of the failed engine;
12.6.11.2 燃油控制开关； fuel control switch;
12.6.11.3 灭火手柄和灭火剂释放开关；fire handle and extinguisher discharge switch;
12.6.11.4 整体驱动发电机/恒速传动装置（IDG/CSD）断开开关； integrated drive generator/constant speed drive (IDG/CSD) “OFF” switch; and
12.6.11.5 无法复原的操纵（如放出冲压空气涡轮（RAT）、备用起落架等）。Un-retractable equipment or un-resetable procedure (such as extend ram air turbine, alternate landing gear, e.g);
12.6.12 机组在处置紧急情况时应使用可用的自动设备，以减轻工作负荷，如接通自动驾驶等；When performing an emergency procedure, flight crew shall use automatic devices available, to minimize the workload, such as engaging autopilot.
12.6.13 飞行机组处置紧急情况的同时，有必要与客舱乘务组联络，通知紧急情况性质、行动意图和计划、客舱注意事项等，使客舱乘务组协助处理紧急情况。When performing an emergency procedure, communications with cabin crew is necessary; they shall be notified of the nature of emergency, intention and plan, necessary actions to be performed in the cabin and they shall provide assistance when required.
12.7 紧急情况下运行时机长决断：captain’s decision making during an emergency发生紧急情况时，机长应迅速就以下方面做出决断When an emergency has occurred, the captain shall make decisions in respect to the following facts:
12.7.1 紧急情况的性质，对飞机和机上人员安全的影响；nature of the emergency, how it may affect the safety of aircraft and persons on board;
12.7.2 采取处置紧急情况措施；measures to be taken during an emergency;
12.7.3 进一步的行动意图；intention on further actions
12.7.4 执行要求的报告程序和方法；perform the required reporting procedures; and
12.7.5 在以下任一情况中，机长必须决断在就近（飞行时间最短）能安全着陆的合适机场着陆：Under any of the following situations, the captain shall make the decision and land safely at the nearest suitable airport.
12.7.5.1 发动机失效或火警；engine fire or failure;
12.7.5.2 APU火警；APU fire;
12.7.5.3 轮舱火警；wheel well fire;
12.7.5.4 机舱冒烟或火警，不能迅速判明是否可消除或熄灭；cabin smoke or fire, which can be extinguied however cannot be identified promptly;
12.7.5.5 仅剩一套主液压系统可用；only one main hydraulic system is available;
12.7.5.6 仅剩一套主交流电源可用(发动机发电机或APU发电机)；only one main AC power available (engine generator or APU generator);
12.7.5.7 关闭的舱门手柄失效,不能维持机舱增压； cabin door fail to close, cabin pressurization cannot be maintained;
12.7.5.8 飞行员能力丧失；incapacitation of the flight crew;
12.7.5.9 需要紧急救护医疗的事件；an event, which require emergency medical assistance; or
12.7.5.10 机组认为继续飞行会严重影响安全的其它任何情况（包含在各机型快速检查单中明确要求尽快在就近机场着陆的飞机故障）when the flight crew considers the situation can seriously affect safety if the flight is allowed to continue.
12.8 紧急情况运行时的通信和机组基本操作 Communications and Actions in Emergency Operation
12.8.1 宣布紧急状态Declare the emergency:
12.8.1.1 应答机紧急操作 transponder emergency operation;
（1） 在遇到遇险情况或紧急情况时，飞行员应将应答机的编码调置到7700，并保持高度报告功能接通，然后按照规定的格式向ATC报告；When a distress or an emergency occurs, pilots shall set transponder to 7700 and turn on its altitude-reporting feature. Thereafter report to ATC through the use of standard aviation phrasiology.
（2） 飞行员应考虑到自己也许不在雷达覆盖范围内，因此应保持应答机编码7700并尽快与ATC联络。Pilot shall take into account that the aircraft may not be within the range of radar, therefore set transponder to 7700 and contact ATC as soon as possible.
12.8.1.2 遇险和紧急通讯程序 distress and urgency communications
（1） 遇到紧急情况和遇险飞机通常只需向飞机所在空中交通管制区域的管制员报告；Generally, during a distress or urgency, it is sufficient to make the report to the present controlling ATC unit.
（2） 遇险飞机在首次联系时，应以“MAYDAY”开头重复三次。紧急情况下应以同样方式使用“PAN”。The initial communication in distress shall begin with the signal MAYDAY, repeated three times. The signal PANPAN shall be used in the same manner for an urgency condition.
（3） “MAYDAY”除表示遇险外，还要求本频率上的其他用户保持无线电静默；PAN除表示紧急状态外，还要求其他飞机不要干扰紧急通讯。“PAN”不是遇险信号，属于需要得到空中交通管制的特殊帮助或优先安排的紧急信息；The word MAYDAY means distress, also commands radio silence on the frequency in use; the word PANPAN means urgency, also warns other stations not to interfere with urgency transmissions. PANPAN is not a distress signal, but an urgency message which requires special assistance or priority from ATC.
（4） 机组通常应在当时所用的频率上向ATC或其他提供服务的机构报告。如果对方没有回答，或者由于时间或情况紧迫，特殊情况的信息可以进行广播或使用集中呼叫，话呼是“ALL STATIONS（所有电台）”Normally, the station addressed will be the air traffic facility or other agency providing air traffic services on the frequency in use at the time. If the station addressed does not respond, or if the time or the situation dictates, the distress or urgency message may be broadcast, or a blind broadcast may be used, addressing “all stations”。
12.8.1.3 报告遇险和紧急情况的基本格式和内容transmission of a distress or an urgency message:
（1） 遇险：MAYDAY、MAYDAY、MAYDAY；紧急情况：PAN-PAN、PAN-PAN、PAN-PAN；if distress: MAYDAY,MAYDAY,MAYDAY；if urgency: PAN-PAN,PAN-PAN,PAN-PAN；
（2） 呼叫电台的名称；name of station addressed;
（3） 本飞机呼号和机型；aircraft identification and type;
（4） 遇险和紧急情况的性质；nature of distress or urgency;
（5） 天气；weather
（6） 飞行员的意图和要求；pilot’s intention and request
（7） 当前的位置、航向、如果迷航，最后的已知位置，及其时间和航向；present position and heading, or if lost, last known position, time, and heading since that position;
（8） 高度或高度层；altitude or flight level;
（9） 按分钟计算的剩余燃油；fuel remaining in minutes;
（10） 机上人数；number of persons on board; and
（11） 其他有用的信息；any other useful information.
12.8.1.4 紧急遇险通讯和紧急通讯的注意事项 Emergency communication and important matters taken in consideration:
（1） 被呼叫到的电台应立即证实已收到情况，并提供帮助和指引援助机构的行动。只有在可导致更有效处理时，才可移交责任；The station addressed shall immediately acknowledge a distress or urgency message, provide assistance, coordinate and direct the activities of assisting facilities. Responsibility will be transferred to another station only if better handling will result.
（2） 所有其他电台（飞机电台和地面电台）应保持监听直到确认已经提供了帮助。如果任一电台或飞机有任何怀疑，可继续与处于紧急状态的飞机联系并提供帮助；All other stations, (aircraft and ground), will continue to listen until it is evident that assistance is being provided. If any station becomes aware that the station being called either has not received a distress or urgency message, or connot commuicate with the aircraft in difficulty, it is required to attempt to contact the aircraft and provide assistance.
（3） 尽管推荐使用正在使用的频率，或ATC指定的频率。但如果必要或需要，也可使用下列紧急频率：Although the frequency in use or other frequencies assigned by ATC are preferable, the following emergency frequencies can be used for distress or urgency communications if necessary or desirable:
a. 121．5MHZ和243MHZ。注意：后者由军用飞机监听；121．5MHZ and 243MHZ note: Military aircraft monitors the latter one.
b. 2182KHZ
（4） 机组应尽可能与ATC保持双向通信，改换频率或联络单位之前必须确认新的使用频率和呼号。如果在新频率上不能建立双向通信，应立即返回到先前的有效频率上联络。Maintain two-way communications to the greatest extend. Advise the ground station of the new frequency and the station name prior to changing frequency. If two-way communications can not be established on the new frequency, return immediately to the frequency or the station where two-way communications last existed.
12.8.2 紧急情况下机组分工的一般原则general principle of flight crew task-distribution in an emergency:
12.8.2.1 判明情况阶段：保持机组分工不变，操作驾驶员集中精力保持飞机状态；Identification phase: maintain present task-distribution, PF shall concentrate in maintaining the profile of the aircraft.
12.8.2.2 处置故障/情况阶段 handling malfunction/situation phase:
（1） 由机长作为操作驾驶员操纵飞机，副驾驶作为辅助操作驾驶员，各自按非正常程序履行职责；The captain shall be the PF and the first officer PMF (pilot monitoring the flight). Each pilot shall conduct abnormal procedures accordingly.
（2） 当驾驶员在飞行教员监视下满足经历飞行时，该驾驶员可作为操作驾驶员操纵飞机，飞行教员作为辅助操作驾驶员，各自按非正常程序的要求履行职责。The pilot who is monitored by the instructor (in order to acquire flight experience) may be the PF, and the instructor (may be) the PMF. Each pilot shall conduct abnormal procedures accordingly.
12.8.2.3 确定行动意向和飞机危险程度的评估阶段Assessment phase: determine intentions and aircraft level of danger:
（1） 由机长视情况决定机组分工，通常机长应该作为辅助操作驾驶员，以便兼顾整个机组的指挥工作；According to different conditions, the captain decides on the task-distribution. Normally the captain can be PMF so as to take command of the crew.
（2） 机长有权重新划分机组分工操作。Captain is authorized to reassign the tasks of the crew.
12.8.3 紧急情况下机组成员的职责和权力Flight crew’s duty and responsibility during an emergency situation:
12.8.3.1 机长 captain:
（1） 紧急状态的宣布；declare the emergency;
（2） 明确机组分工（应遵循紧急情况机组分工的一般原则）；clarify task-distribution (the general principle for task-distribution during an emergency situation shall be followed);
（3） 指挥全机组判明情况，进行决断；commands all flight crew to identify the situation and make decision;
（4） 确定行动意图和最安全的处置方案；determines intention and the safest handling method;
（5） 作为操作驾驶员时，应履行操作驾驶员的职责；fulfills the appropriate duty as the PF; and
（6） 作为辅助操作驾驶员时，应履行辅助操作驾驶员的职责；fulfills the appropriate duty as the PMF;
12.8.3.2 其他机组成员 flight crew other than captain:
（1） 听从机长指挥，并积极提供信息或建议；comply with the command of captain, and actively provide information or suggestions;
（2） 协助机长确定处置方案和/或进行相关的操作；assist captain in determining handling method and/or associated operation;
（3） 及时提醒，避免失误；remind promptly to avoid error;
（4） 作为操作驾驶员时，履行操作驾驶员的职责；fulfills the appropriate duty as the PF;
（5） 作为辅助操作驾驶员时，履行辅助操作驾驶员的职责，按照机长的要求完成以下工作：fulfills the appropriate duty as the PMF; accomplish the following steps and comply with the request of captain:
a. 执行紧急通讯程序，报告紧急情况；perform emergency communication procedure, report emergency;
b. 申请应急服务；request emergency assistance;
c. 向客舱乘务组通报紧急情况和机长意图；advise cabin crew of the emergency and captain’s intention;
d. 执行检查单，完成飞机使用手册和检查单要求的处置程序；perform checklist; accomplish the handling procedure required by the operation manual and checklist; and
e. 完成机长在紧急情况下临时分派的其他工作任务。accomplish other works assigned by the captain.
12.8.4 在紧急情况中获取地面支援acquire ground assistance in emergency situation;
12.8.4.1 尽量保持通信联络，获取ATC的指示；处于特殊情况中的飞行员应立即采取以下行动，争取获得地面支援（不必遵守下列的行动顺序）Try to maintain communications, acquire ATC instructions; Pilots who encounter an emergency shall initiate the following actions promptly to acquire ground assistance (not necessary to follow the sequential order of the following):
（1） 如果可能，上升高度以改善通讯和雷达、定向探测效果，但必须考虑活动冲突问题；if possible, climb to improve effectiveness on communications, radar and position detection, possible conflicting traffic shall be taken into account;
（2） 将应答机编码调置到7700或ATC指定的编码并保持高度报告功能接通；set transponder to 7700 or a specific code designated by ATC and altitude report function shall remain engaged; and
（3） 随时报告飞机的状况和机长意图。keep ATC fully advised of aircraft status and captain’s intention.
12.8.4.2 获取ATC引导服务：在遇险和紧急情况下，可以申请引导服务；Request for ATC radar service: in the distress and urgency situation, radar vectors maybe requested；
12.8.4.3 联系和领航服务：在签署搜索和营救（SAR）计划的国家，可以请求空中联系领航服务；Communication and navigation services: within the country, which the SAR plan was filed, request may be made for airborne communications and navigations services；
12.8.4.4 陆地迫降或水上迫降时，应采取下列行动协助搜索营救工作when ditching or making force landing, the following actions shall be followed to assist the search and rescue work:
（1） 在时间和情况允许时，尽可能向地面提供以下信息if time and the situation permits, provide if possible, following information to ground authorities:
a. 紧急定位信标状态；status of ELT;
b. 目视地标；visual landmark;
c. 飞机颜色；aircraft color;
d. 机上人数；number of persons on board;
e. 机上紧急设备；emergency equipment on board;
（2） 如可能，尽早使紧急定位信标开始发射；if possible, ELT should be used to send transmission as soon as possible;
（3） 如果认为没有失火的危险，可进行无线电通信的发射；if it is determined that there is no possibility of fire, radio communications transmit should be used;
（4） 水上迫降时，尽可能在水面船只附近迫降；如果时间允许，应利用一切手段得到最近的商用和军用船只的位置。if ditching, attempt to land near any ships; if time permits, use of all available methods to acquire the positions of the nearest commercial and military ships; and
（5） 迫降后，应该在飞机周围等待救援，并利用可用的紧急设备发送求救信号。after ditching, wait at the surrounding area of the aircraft, and send signals by available emergency equipment.
12.8.4.5 由危险物品引发的紧急情况 emergency situation caused by dangerous goods:
（1） 出现由危险物品引发的紧急情况时，飞行机组应执行紧急报告程序；if an emergency is caused by dangerous goods, flight crews shall perform emergency notification procedures；
（2） 紧急报告的内容：notification should include the following information:
a. 危险物品的名称；proper name of dangerous goods;
b. 判别危险物品的性质（易燃、易爆、易腐蚀、污染等）identify the nature of dangerous goods(explosive,combustible,corrosive, pollusive,etc)；
c. 数量；quantity;
d. 位置；position;
e. 要求的援助；assistance required;
f. 机组措施；flight crew actions; and
g. 目前状况。present status.
12.8.4.6 机上人员发生严重疾病或受伤serious illness or injury of persons on board:
（1） 机上人员发生严重疾病或受伤时，飞行机组应执行紧急报告程序；In the event of serious illness or injury of persons on board, the flight crew shall perform emergency notification procedure；
（2） 紧急报告的内容：Following information shall be contained:
a. 疾病或受伤的性质；nature of the illness or injury；
b. 疾病或受伤的人数；number of the illed or injured persons; and
c. 要求的援助。Assistance required。
12.8.4.7 机上发生非法干扰unlawful interference on board:
（1） 机上非法干扰通常指劫机或其他威胁到飞机和旅客安全的敌对活动； Hijacking and other event, which can affect the safety of the aircraft and passengers, are considered as unlawful interference；
（2） 遇到非法干扰时机组应尽可能ATC与保持无线电通话：Flight crew shall maintain communication with ATC as soon as practicable when encountered with an unlawful interference and:
a. 执行紧急通信程序；perform emergency communication procedures;
b. 尽可能向ATC提供详细的信息，例如飞机呼号和当时的位置、非法干扰的性质和机长意图等provide detailed information to ATC as soon as practicable, such as callsign and present position, nature of unlawful interference and captain’s intention; and
c. 如果不能向ATC提供上述信息，应设法将应答机编码调置的7500。if providing information to ATC is not possible, attempt to set transponder to 7500.
（3） ATC在收到机组关于非法干扰的报告或应答机7500编码后，通常会要求证实，如收不到回答，ATC将认为该飞机发生了非法干扰；Upon receiving notification of an unlawful interference or code 7500, the ATC normally will request confirmation. If no response is received, ATC will believe there is an unlawful interference；
（4） 如飞机偏离了预定的航路，建议在保证安全的前提下，将真速调整到不超过400海里/小时，将飞行高度保持在10000－25000英尺的范围内；If there is deviation from the preplanned route, true airspeed should not be higher than 400knots, and altitude should be within the range of 10000 ft to 25000ft.
（5） 飞往劫机者要求的目的地；Fly for the destination as demanded by the hijacker.
（6） 如果遇到空中拦截，机组应按照被拦截的程序飞行。When an interception occurs, perform the interception procedure.
12.8.4.8 请求地面提供应急设施 request emergency assistance from ground:
（1） 在紧急情况下，飞行机组可直接向空中交通管制部门请求提供应急设施（如消防、救护等）；Flight crew may request emergency assistance (such as fire, medical assistance) from ATC during an emergency；
（2） 公司运行控制中心有责任向机组和/或救援部门提供必要的协助和技术支援；It is the SOC’s responsibility to provide necessary assistance and technical support to the flight crew and/or rescue department；
（3） 飞行机组向空中交通管制报告时，必须提供如下信息：The following information shall be contained in the flight crew’s notification:
a. 事件性质；nature of the event;
b. 预计到达着陆时间；estimated time of landing;
c. 着陆所需距离；distance required for landing;
d. 机上旅客人数；number of the passengers on board;
e. 救援和撤离可能出现的问题；possible problems concerning rescue and evacuation; and
f. 特殊旅客在客舱中的位置和要求的救援方法position of special passenger and his rescue method;
12.9 公司紧急反应程序 CSN Emergency Response Procedure
12.9.1 当机长宣布进入紧急状态时，或与飞机失去通讯联络达到限定的时间时，公司运行控制中心应启动公司紧急反应程序；If the captain declares the emergency, or communication is lost, SOC shall activate emergency response procedures；
12.9.2 紧急反应程序按公司《紧急反应手册》执行。Perform the procedures in “emergency response manual”。
12.10 飞行中发现或得知其它飞机遇险时的处置Handling For Other Emergency Aircraft
12.10.1 机组在飞行中发现或得知其它飞机遇险时，应当立即向有关空中交通管制部门报告；ATC shall be notified when another aircraft in distress is located or identified；
12.10.2 报告应尽可能包含以下内容 The following information shall be included:
12.10.2.1 飞机的紧急信号的内容；information about the emergency signals of the aircraft;
12.10.2.2 识别标志；markings;
12.10.2.3 呼号/国籍登记号；Callsign/Nationality registration number;
12.10.2.4 遇险情况；condition of distress; and
12.10.2.5 飞机迫降或失事坠毁的地点。places of forced landing or crash.
12.11 紧急状态的阶段划分和搜寻救援工作Emergency Phase Classification and Search and Rescue Work
12.11.1 紧急状态分为情况不明阶段、告警阶段和遇险阶段；Undetermined phase, warning phase and distress phase:
12.11.1.1 情况不明阶段 undetermined phase:
（1） 空中交通管制部门在较长的时间内（通常30分钟）无法和飞机取得联系； ATC unable to establish communication with the airplane for 30 minutes.
（2） 飞机在预定的时间内没有降落；Airplane has not landed within the planned time.
12.11.1.2 告警阶段 warning phase:
（1） 对情况不明阶段的飞机，仍然无法获得联系；ATC still unable to communicate with the airplane, which is already in undetermined phase situation；
（2） 飞机的飞行能力受到损坏，但是尚未达到迫降的程度；The flight ability of aircraft has deterioated, but not to the extent of forced landing；
（3） 与已经允许降落的飞机失去通讯联系，并且该飞机在预计降落时间5分钟内没有降落。Communication has been lost for the aircraft which has been cleared to land and the aircraft has not landed 5 minutes after the planned time of arrival.
12.11.1.3 遇险阶段 distress phase:
（1） 根据油量计算，告警阶段的飞机难以继续飞行；According to fuel calculations, it is difficult to continue the flight for the aircraft already in warning phase situation；
（2） 飞机的飞行能力受到严重损坏，达到迫降程度；The flight ability is seriously damaged to the extent of forced landing.
（3） 飞机已经迫降或者坠毁。The aircraft which has made forced landing or has crashed.
12.11.2 我国的搜寻救援中心按照国际民航组织的搜寻救援程序和《民用航空法》，根据当时的情况开展搜寻救援工作，必要时请求地方政府和军方参与。境外的搜寻救援工作由所在国（地区）按照国际组织的搜寻救援程序实施；SRC (Search and Rescue Center) of China carry out its rescue commitments with compliance to ICAO procedure and civil aviation law; SRC may request local government and military assistance if necessary. If the event occurs abroad, the local search and rescue team conducts rescue operation in compliance to ICAO procedures.
12.11.3 为了取得遇险飞机的配合，使得搜寻救援工作能够顺利进行，搜寻救援中心会设法将已经采取的救援措施通报该飞机。 For obtaining cooperation of the aircraft involved in the accident and the smooth development of the search and rescue work, SRC will attempt to notify the aircraft of the rescue measures.
12.12 各种紧急情况下的运行Operation Under Various Emergency
12.12.1 中断起飞 Rejected Takeoff (RTO)
12.12.1.1 飞行机组在每次起飞前都必须考虑有中断起飞的可能，在执行起飞简令时，必须复习中断起飞机组的分工和操作程序；Before each takeoff, the cockpit crew shall consider the possibility of RTO. During the takeoff briefing, they shall review the operation procedure and task assignment to prepare for the possibility of RTO；
12.12.1.2 需要中断起飞时，必须由机长决断和执行中断起飞的操作；In the event RTO is necessary, it is the captain’s responsibility to make the decision and excute the RTO maneuvers；
12.12.1.3 当机长作为操作驾驶员时，如需要中断起飞，机长应即刻发出“中断”的口令，并执行中断起飞的操作；If the captain is PF and a RTO is necessary, he shall callout “REJECT/ABORT” immediately and initiate the RTO procedures；
12.12.1.4 副驾驶作为操作驾驶员时，当推力手柄调置至起飞推力，起飞滑跑速度达到80节时，机长应手扶推力杆直至速度到达V1，以便随时作出“中断起飞”决断和执行中断起飞的操作；When the first officer is PF, the thrust lever is set to takeoff power, and the takeoff speed reaches 80knots, the captain shall place his hand on the thrust lever till V1, thus he can make decision and excute the RTO procedures at any time;
12.12.1.5 通常情况下，当起飞滑跑速度达到V1之前发生严重危及安全的发动机或系统故障时，都应该中断起飞；当起飞速度大于V1时，中断起飞很可能会导致冲出跑道或发生危险，因此必须要继续起飞，所以V1是中断起飞的临界速度。由于飞行员进行中断起飞决断和操作需要有一个延时，所以V1速度减小5节是中断起飞的决断速度；Normally, RTO shall be initiated when any malfunction (which can seriously affect safety such as engine or system failure) occurs prior to V1. RTO excuted after V1 can cause the aircraft to run out of the runway or create a threat to safety. V1 is the maximum speed at which the flight crew must take the first action to reject a takeoff. Since there is a time delay between the decision-making and the action, V1 minus 5kts is the decision speed of RTO；
12.12.1.6 起飞滑跑速度小于80节时，遇到任何不正常的方向偏转和/或警告信息出现时，都必须立即停止起飞； The takeoff shall be discontinued immediately if abnormal directional deviation occurs and/or any warning message is displayed below 80knots；
12.12.1.7 大型机、重型机的起飞滑跑速度超过100节，但小于V1速度时，只有在出现重大严重危及安全的故障（如发动机失效或火警）或主要系统故障，并且会严重威胁飞行安全的情况下，才应该中断起飞；For large and heavy aircrafts, if the speed is over 100knots and below V1, takeoff shall only be rejected if any major malfunction occurs. These are malfunctions such as engine failure, fire warning, or important systems failures which can seriously affect safety；
12.12.1.8 起飞前，飞行机组必须对起飞跑道状况进行评估，对有污染和/或湿滑跑道，必须根据起飞性能数据修正起飞速度（V1、 VR和V2），明确起飞时中断起飞的决断速度；Before takeoff, cockpit crew shall evaluate the runway conditions. If the runway is contaminated and/or wet, as per the perfomance data, takeoff speed corrections shall replace V1 Vr and V2. Both pilots shall be clear on the RTO speed；
12.12.1.9 机长必须重申中断起飞和继续起飞口令；当机长决定中断起飞时，应立即喊出“中断起飞”，当机长决定继续起飞时，则应立即喊出“继续起飞”；The captain shall affirm the callouts for RTO and continued takeoff. When the captain decides to reject the takeoff, he shall immediately callout “REJECT TAKEOFF” or “ABORT TAKEOFF”. The captain shall callout “CONTINUE TAKEOFF” if that is his decision；
12.12.1.10 机长在飞机开始起飞滑跑之前还应明确中断起飞的主要决断因素Prior to the takeoff run, the captain shall understand the major malfunctions contributing to the RTO decision. Such malfunctions can be:
（1） 发动机失效和火警；an engine failure or fire warning;
（2） 出现不可抑制的主警告； an unblockable master warning; or
（3） 发生系统重大故障，明确显示飞机不能安全飞行；a malfunction of a major system(s), and airplane is unlikely to takeoff or fly safely.
12.12.1.11 飞机中断起飞后，机组应即刻报告塔台，脱离跑道滑回并查明原因，进行检查处理和维护放行签字，确认符合放行标准，执行轮胎刹车冷却程序后，方可再次起飞；After RTO, the flight crew shall notify ATC immediately, vacate the runway and return for inspections. The second takeoff is allowed only when the tyre and brake cooling procedure is completed and the maintenance release signature is acquired；
12.12.1.12 中断起飞使用刹车后，10至20分钟后轮胎将达到最高温度，存在起落架失火或轮胎爆破的危险，应提醒地面维护人员准备灭火用具，同时不要靠近起落架，以免受到伤害；10 to 20 minutes after RTO, wheels reach the maximum temperatures and create a possible fire or exlosion hazard. Therefore, airport fire services should be alerted；
12.12.1.13 中断起飞后，飞行机组应及时与客舱乘务员联系，通告情况及行动意图；After RTO, flight crew shall brief the cabin crew of the condition and intentions；
12.12.1.14 如果执行中断起飞时发生意外情况或飞机受到损伤，应报告塔台，必要时执行紧急撤离程序；If an unexpected event or damage of the aircaft occurs during the RTO, flight crew shall notify ATC, and if necessary, perform the emergency evacuation procedure；
12.12.2 发动机失效Engine Failure
12.12.2.1 对于所有飞机,在飞机发动机失效或为防止可能的损坏而采取的预防性关车后，机长应当在最短的飞行时间内，在合适的机场着陆；In the event of an engine failure or precautionary shutdown, the flight shall land at the nearest suitable airport as soon as practicable；
12.12.2.2 公司的双发飞机禁止作单发起飞； Takeoffs with single engine is not allowed for twin-engine aircrafts of CSN；
12.12.2.3 机长应当把空中发动机停车的情况尽快报告给空中交通管制部门和运行控制中心,并随时报告飞行情况；The captain shall notify ATC and SOC of the engine shutdown in flight as soon as possible, and keep them fully informed；
12.12.2.4 如发动机在飞行中自动停车，机长应考虑进行空中启动的可能性，确定是否应该重新启动失效发动机；If an engine shuts down automatically in flight, the captain shall consider the possibility of re-start in the air, and decide whether to restart the failed engine；
12.12.2.5 公司运行控制中心的飞行签派员应在尽可能的情况下向飞行机组提供发动机失效后继续飞行的计算机飞行计划；Flight dispatcher of SOC shall produce engine inoperative computer flight plans from present position as soon as practicable；
12.12.2.6 对于某些地形复杂的机场，公司制定了发动机失效的离场程序并报局方批准。飞机在这类机场起飞时如遇一台发动机失效，应严格按照程序规定的路线飞行，以保证越障；CSN has already established the engine failure procedure for airports with complicated terrain. Such procedures have been submitted to the authority for approval. If the aircraft with an engine failure is flying over such airports, flight crew shall strictly follow the route defined in the procedure to ensure obstacle clearance；
12.12.2.7 起飞后爬升过程中如遇发动机失效，机长应根据当时的天气情况决定返航或改航到合适的机场降落；In the event of engine failure duing climb, the captain shall decide whether to return or divert to a suitable airport according to the weather at the time；
12.12.2.8 双发飞机在空中一台发动机失效，机组处置时应遵循的原则If one engine fails in flight for a twin-engine aircraft, flight crew shall adhere to the following procedures:
（1） 按照电子显示和/或QRH完成发动机失效程序，报告ATC和公司运行控制中心；perform engine failure procedures as per the electronic-checklist and/or QRH, notify ATC and SOC;
（2） 如失效的发动机不能恢复运转，机组应当时的飞机重量和航线安全高度确定单发合适的巡航高度和飘降方式（标准飘降或越障飘降）；If the failed engine can not be restarted, flight crew shall determine the suitable cruise altitude and type of driftdown (standard or obstacle clearance) according to the aircraft weight and safe altitude on route;
（3） 尽快在合适的机场着陆；land at a suitable airport as soon as possible;
（4） 密切监控运转发动机和飞机各系统的工作情况以及燃油消耗情况，关注航路和着陆机场的天气变化，防止因机组的疏忽而使飞行条件进一步恶化；Flight crew shall closely monitor the status of the running engine, various systems of the airplane, and the fuel consumption. Pay attention to the weather changes enroute and at the landing airport, to prevent the deterioration of the flight condition; and
（5） 在进近简令中应根据飞机的着陆重量和机场的地形条件确认是否需要提高DH/MDA,以满足单发复飞的越障要求。 In the approach briefing, determine whether to increase DH/MDA altitudes according to the landing weight and terrain of the landing airport, to ensure the obstacle clearance during engine out go around.
12.12.2.9 三发或三发以上飞机在空中发动机失效，机组处置时应遵循的原则In the event of an engines failure of an aircraft with three or more engines, following procedures should be followed:
（1） 按照电子显示和/或QRH完成发动机失效程序按照电子显示和/或QRH完成发动机失效程序，报告ATC和公司运行控制中心；如果失效的发动机(一台或两台)不能恢复运转，应选择就近的合适机场着陆；Perform E-checklist and /or QRH engine failure procedure, notify ATC and SOC; If failed engine (one or two) cannot be restarted, land at the nearest suitable airport；
（2） 如果飞行机组认为飞往另一机场与在最近合适机场着陆同样安全时，则可以飞往所选择的另一机场。但需要考虑以下因素：If the captain determines that proceeding to another airport is as safe as landing at the nearest suitable airport, the flight may continue to the other (further) airport. The following shall be considered:
a. 故障的性质及继续飞行可能出现的困难；nature of the malfunction and the possible mechanical dificulties that may occur if flight is continued;
b. 发动机失效时的高度、重量和可用的燃油量； altitude, weight, and usable fuel at the time of the engine malfunction;
c. 航路和选定着陆机场的气象条件； weather conditions enroute and at possible landing airport;
d. 空中交通的拥挤情况； air traffic congestion;
e. 地形种类； type of terrain; and
f. 机长对所使用机场的熟悉程序。captain’s familiarity with the airport to be used.
（3） 如果使用了就近合适机场以外的机场，机长在书面报告中应注明在所用机场着陆与就近合适机场着陆同样安全的原因。If an airport other than the nearest suitable airport is used for landing, the captain shall state the reasons for his decision in the written report.
12.12.2.10 飞行记录：机组必须将发动机失效的事件载入维护记录本，并尽可能包括以下内容 Logbook entries: Each engine failure or shut down shall be recorded in the aircraft logbook. The following should be included as much as possible in the logbook entries:
（1） 故障或停车发生时间；Time of failure or shutdown;
（2） 飞行阶段；phase of flight;
（3） 爬升时间，如果停车发生在爬升过程； if failure occurs in climb, the time of the failure;
（4） 飞行条件；flight conditions;
（5） 飞行速度；airspeed;
（6） 飞行高度；altitude;
（7） 故障发动机指示；abnormal engine indications;
（8） 排气温度(EGT)，如发生过热则包含持续时间；EGT, include duration if overtemp occurred;
（9） 相关系统状态（点火、防冰等）；status of related systems (ignition, anti-ice, etc.);
（10） 相应的警告指示；related caution or warning indications;
（11） EICAS或ECAM/信息（如已安装）；EICAS or ECAM messages, if applicable;
（12） 冷转时间和滑油压力；time and oil pressure during cold-start/crank; and
（13） 重新起动次数及情况。restart attempts.
12.12.3 火警和失火Fire Warning and Fire
12.12.3.1 对于飞行过程中出现的火警，机组不应也无需考虑是否存在假警告。All fire warnings shall be treated as actual fires；
12.12.3.2 处置火警警告时，必须完成电子显示/QRH/FCOM中的所有相关程序；Procedure of E-checklist/QRH/FCOM shall be performed in handling fire warning；
12.12.3.3 完成灭火程序之后，无论是火势得到控制，还是火势状况不明，机组都必须立即向ATC和公司运行控制部门报告，并应在就近机场紧急着陆；Upon completion of extinguishing procedure, whether the fire is under control, or undetermined, flight crews shall notify ATC and SOC immediately, and make emergency landing at the nearest airport；
12.12.3.4 如果执行程序之后仍不能将火灭掉，应尽快在适当地点进行紧急着陆或水上迫降。在失火条件下紧急着陆或水上迫降时，即使飞机超过了着陆限制重量也不得放油；If the fire is confirmed that it cannot be extinguished, emergency landing or ditching should be made at any suitable area as soon as possible. When emergency landing or ditching an aircraft on fire, fuel dumping is not allowed even if the maximum landing weight is exceeded；
12.12.3.5 即使火已被扑灭，但如果仍存在重新着火的可能，也不得通过放油来减轻着陆重量放油；After the fire is extinguished, there is still the possibility that the fire may relight. Fuel dumping is not allowed to lower the landing weight；
12.12.3.6 五边进近和着陆后机组应根据地面人员提供的信息和火情执行旅客撤离程序。After final approach and landing, flight crew should perform evacuation procedures according to fire condition and information supplied by ground staff.
12.12.4 紧急下降Emergency Descent
12.12.4.1 如遇增压系统故障或飞机结构损坏而引起的空中失密，飞机应立即下降至3000米以下。但是在仪表飞行规则中应保持航路最低安全高度，在目视飞行规则中应高于地面障碍物至少300米；If depressurization caused by pressurization system or aircraft frame damage occurs, the aircraft shall decend below 3000m immediately. In IFR flight, the airplane should maintain MSA. In VFR flight, the airplane should maintain an obstacle clearance of at least 300m；
12.12.4.2 为避免发生窒息，机组在开始执行紧急下降程序之前必须快速戴上氧气面罩。为防止个别旅客氧气面罩在座舱失密时不能自动脱落下，飞行机组应操作人工释放氧气面罩开关，以确保所有旅客都有氧气面罩可用； If depressurization occurs, flight crew shall quickly don-on oxygen masks. Flight crew shall manually operate cabin oxygen switch, to make sure all masks are dropped and available；
12.12.4.3 飞机需要紧急下降时应立即通知ATC。实施紧急下降时，机组应该尽可能遵守《快速参考手册》(QRH)和《飞机使用手册》(AOM)中的相关程序。机组应尽快判明飞机是否有结构损坏，从而选择合适的下降速度；Should it become necessary for an aircraft to make an emergency descent, ATC should be advised as soon as possible. When possible, the procedures in the QRH and AFM should be followed. The flightcrew should try to determine if there is any structural damage, and descend at the appropiate speed；
12.12.4.4 当ATC被告知飞机正进行紧急下降时，将立即采取所有可能的措施调整飞机间隔，避免该飞机与其他飞机危险接近或碰撞；空中的飞机应按照TCAS的RA指引或ATC提供的活动信息和指令进行避让When notified of the emergency descent, ATC takes all possible actions to adjust sepatation of the aircrafts; Aircrafts in flight shall perform avoidance procedure according to TCAS RA or instructions by ATC；
12.12.4.5 飞机到达安全高度后，机组应对旅客广播，摘下氧气面罩，根据当时的油量和天气情况前往最近的合适的机场着陆；After the airplane has reached a safe altitude, the flightcrew should make passenger address, take off the oxygen mask, and proceed to the nearest suitable airport for landing according to fuel requirements and weather conditions；
12.12.4.6 机长应派员向乘务长了解客舱受损情况以及有无人员受伤，并向ATC报告，要求相应的地面服务；Captain should ask another cockpit members to inquire from the chief purser on injuries of passengers and damage to the airplane. ATC shall be notified and relevant ground services shall be requested；
12.12.4.7 紧急下降处置决断以及注意事项：Guidelines for handling an emergency descent:
（1） 机组应尽早发现增压系统的故障，及时转换的备用/人工增压系统控制座舱高度，只有在无法恢复座舱增压的情况下才应开始紧急下降；Flight crew shall recognize the pressurization malfunction as early as possible, and select backup/manual mode in time; commence emergency descent only when cabin pressurization cannot be recovered；
（2） 应尽量使用自动设备进行紧急下降，如果断开自动驾驶，操纵驾驶员要注意控制好飞机的状态； Automatic equipments for should be used for the emergency descent, if autopilot is disengaged, PF shall carefully control the airplane；
（3） 任何时候不要以粗猛的动作操纵飞机进入紧急下降；Do not control the airplane in an aggressive manner during the emergency descent；
（4） 实施紧急下降的飞行机组应保持与其它飞机危险接近的警惕性，防止与邻近飞机危险接近。During the emergency descent, pilots shall be aware of the possibility of other traffic conflicts. Pilots shall be ready to take any actions necessary for traffic avoidance.
12.12.5 紧急撤离Emergency Evacuation
12.12.5.1 飞机的设备和使用要求： Operation requirments of Aircraft equipment：
（1） 公司飞机均备有能够自动充气的紧急撤离滑梯。任何飞机在飞行前关闭所有客舱门之后应将紧急撤离滑梯预位并保持，直至飞行结束发动机关车之后方可解除预位；在飞机的任何移动、起飞或着陆过程中,该撤离滑梯必须预位；All CSN airplanes are equipped with automatic-inflation emergency slides. Prior to each flight, and when all the doors are closed, the emergency slides shall be in “ARM” mode and this mode shall be maitained until the engines are shutdown at the end of the flight. Emergency slides shall be armed any time when the airplane moves, takes-off or lands；
（2） 载客飞机在地面停留(飞机/发动机处于静止状态)期间,必须至少保持一个平行于地板平面的出口处于打开位,供旅客在必要时撤离飞机。When an airplane carrying passengers is on the ground (aircraft/engine is at rest), at least one floor-level exit shall be open for the purpose of passenger evacuation；
12.12.5.2 紧急撤离原则 Emergency evacuation principle
（1） 出现下列任一非正常情况时,机长应在完成相应的程序后下达紧急撤离的口令：When any of the following abnormal conditions occurs, the captain shall conmmand emergency evacuation after relevant procedures have been completed:
a. 火警/烟雾: fire warning/smoke;
b. 燃油渗漏并危及安全: fuel leak which threatens safety;
c. 机身严重损坏。severe fuselage damage; and
d. 危及人员和飞机安全的其他情况。other conditions which threatens the safety of passengers and airplane.
（2） 在紧急撤离时，某些旅客或机组成员可能会受伤，机长应当权衡人员留在飞机上与撤离的相对危险性；During an emergency evacuation, personnel injuries may occur. The captain shall evaluate the conditions and determine whether staying onboard or evacuation is safer；
（3） 机长在下达紧急撤离口令的同时，还应根据失火或冒烟的部位向乘务组和旅客指明安全撤离方向；When commanding cabin crew and passengers to evacuate, the captain shall indicate the evacuation direction according to the position of fire or smoke；
（4） 机长应在机上全体人员撤离后，最后离开飞机。Captain is the last person to leave the aircraft.
12.12.5.3 责任顺序：紧急撤离必须由机长决断。如遇机长能力丧失,应按下述顺序替代机长,宣布紧急撤离指令；Order of responsibility: It is the captain’s decision to command emergency evacuation. If the captain is incapacited, comply with the following order to replace the captain for commanding the evacuation:
（1） 副驾驶: first officer
（2） 飞行机械(观察)员 flight engineer (observer)
（3） 驾驶舱其他成员(但必须是具备该机型资格的飞行人员):other cockpit crew member (shall be a qualified pilot for this type of airplane)
（4） 主任乘务长 chief purser
（5） 乘务长 purser
（6） 乘务员 flight attendant
12.12.5.4 非计划撤离：在任何需要立即撤离旅客的非正常情况下，当飞机着陆并停稳后，机长应立即使用旅客广播系统通知乘务组开始紧急撤离并同时报告ATC；如此时撤离滑梯未预位，乘务员必须在打开舱门之前，首先预位滑梯；Unplanned evacuation: when the evacuation is necessary under any abnormal condition, after the airplane is stopped and stable, the captain shall notify cabin crew via PA immediately to commence evacuation, and notify ATC. If the evacuation slide is not in “ARM” mode, the cabin crew shall arm the slide prior to opening the cabin door;
12.12.5.5 计划撤离：在飞机着陆前，机长必须与乘务组完成要求的撤离准备。Scheduled evacuation: Captain and cabin crew shall finish the preparation for evacuation prior to landing.
12.12.5.6 机组职责:Flight crew’s duty and responsibility:
（1） 飞行机组人员:flight crew:
a. 在任何需要撤离或可能撤离的非正常情况下，机长应向主任乘务长/乘务长通报紧急情况的性质和客舱准备可用时间。机长应将着陆后的撤离计划及所需要的援助报告ATC，必要时还应通过客舱广播向旅客说明紧急情况的性质和要求；During any abnormal situation that requires or possibly requires an evacuation, the captain is required to notify the lead purser of the nature of the emergency and the amount of time available to prepare the passengers and the cabin. The captain shall notify ATC of the planned evacuation. The general nature of the emergency, exiting requirements should be announced to the passengers using the PA;
b. 飞机下降至距地面150米时，飞行机组应通过广播系统通知客舱所有人员做好防冲撞姿势。At 150m AGL, cockpit crew shall notify (using PA) all persons in the cabin to assume brace positions;
（2） 乘务人员:cabin crew:
a. 乘务人员应按照当时情况的需要重新安排旅客的座位，确保有行动能力的旅客被安排在紧急出口处；In preparation for an evacuation, the flight attendants shall rearrange passengers, as necessary, to ensure that able-bodied passengers are located at the emergency exits;
b. 乘务人员应确认客舱内所有的浮动物品已固定；The cabin crew shall ensure that all carry-on items are secured;
c. 当旅客已完成着陆和紧急撤离准备时，主任乘务长/乘务长应告知机长；Lead purser shall notify the captain when preparation for evacuation is completed;
d. 当飞机已经停住，而且情况明显危及生命（失火、冒烟、飞机结构严重破损等），乘务组有权实施紧急撤离而不等待驾驶舱的指令。但在任何可能的情况下，乘务组都应尽全力与驾驶舱联系。若不可能与驾驶舱取得联系或时间极其紧迫，乘务组应独立做出决定并使用所有的可用出口。When the airplane is fully stopped and the present situation is an obvious threat to human life (fire, smoke, severe structural damange etc.), cabin crew is authorized to perform evacuation without the command from the captain. Under all conditions possible, cabin crew should try every effort to communicate with cockpit. If it is impossible or time does not permit, cabin crew should make their own decision and use all exits for evacuation.
12.12.6 返航紧急着陆 emergency landing
12.12.6.1 任何合适的军、民用机场可以用于紧急着陆；Any suitable military, civilian airport may be use for emergency landing;
12.12.6.2 紧急着陆之前，如果情况允许，机长应把预计着陆的时间、地点和飞机状况通知ATC和公司运行控制部门；If conditions permit, the captain shall notify ATC and SOC on the ETA, landing point and status of the airplane prior to the emergency landing;
12.12.6.3 着陆后，机长应尽快用电话向公司运行控制部门报告着陆的时间、地点、飞机状况以及旅客和货物情况；在公司运行控制部门接管地面保障事宜之前，由机长负责飞机的安全和旅客的安置。 After landing, captain should notify SOC, by telephone, of landing point and time, status of persons, aircraft and cargo as soon as possible. It is the captain’s responsibility to ensure the safety of aircraft and passengers before responsibility is transferred to SOC and ground handling department.
12.12.7 迷航Disorientation in Flight
12.12.7.1 迷航是指机组在较长的一段时间内不能确定本飞机的位置或恢复正常的领航。处于迷航状态的机组应当保持沉着冷静，不要盲目改变航向或者下降高度寻找地标，并根据当时的具体情况采取下列措施：If the flight crew cannot determine the position of the aircraft or normal navigation cannot be resumed, it is considered as misorientation. In the event of misorientation, the flight crew shall not blindly change the heading or descend for identifying landmark. Instead, the flight crew shall keep calm and take the following actions:
（1） 上升到较高的高度，提高导航设备的有效距离，使用雷达探测和观察地标，使用等待速度飞行以增加飞机的续航能力；Climb to a higher altitude to increase the effective distance of navigation aids, use radar detection and observe the landmark, fly the aircraft at holding speed to increase flight endurance;
（2） 检查剩余油量,计算续航时间；Check the fuel remaining and calculate the endurance;
（3） 保持原航向飞行或在显著地标上空盘旋，检查记载的领航数据，设法取得空中交通管制部门的引导指令，并按指令飞行；Maintain original heading or circle over areas with obvious landmarks, check the recorded navigation data, try to acquire ATC guidance, fly the aircraft under ATC instructions;
（4） 按照领航计划中预定的复航方法复航；Resume navigation in accordance with preplanned method defined in the navigation plan; and
（5） 在国境线附近迷航时，应当立即向垂直国境线的国内方向改航 If misorientation occurs just outside national border, flight crew shall immediately divert to domestic flight by flying perpendicular to the boundary.
12.12.7.2 如果采取各种措施仍不能复航时，应当在最先发现的机场着陆，或选择场地迫降。迫降前，要保留一定燃油，以便观察地形和重新选择场地时使用。If correct navigation still cannot be resumed after the available actions, land at the first discovered airport or conduct a forced landing. Flight crew shall reserve a certain amount of fuel for terrain observation and site reselection.
12.12.8 迫降Forced landing
12.12.8.1 水上迫降 Ditching
（1） 概述：成功的水上迫降决定于以下3个主要因素, 按其重要性排序为: General: A successful aircraft ditching is dependent on three primary factors. In order of importance, they are:
a. 海况和风: ocean condition and wind;
b. 机型: type of aircraft; and
c. 飞行员的操纵技巧。skill and technique of pilot.
（2） 水上迫降时应考虑以下因素：Following factors shall be taken into account when ditching:
a. 海浪：仅在有风时存在，其移动方向与风向一致，海浪离开原发地后其能量会逐渐消失；Wave: caused by ocean winds, and moves in the same direction with the wind. Energy of waves will attenuate after it leaves its origin;
b. 海涌：由远处的扰动产生，通常情况下洋面的主涌高度为3-4英尺，两股海涌冠部之间的距离为500-1000英尺，此外还时常存在一股或多股副涌，与主涌的夹角为5-60度；Swell: caused by a distant disturbance, normally the height of primary swells are 3-4 feet, distance between tops of two swells is 500-1000 feet, in addition, normally one or more secondary swells exist, with an angel of 5-60 degrees from the primary swells;
c. 不论有无海风洋面上几乎时时都存在海涌。海涌的方向与当时的风向无关；Swell exists almost anytime regardless of the wind. The direction of swells is not necessarily the result of wind;
d. 当海涌和海浪形成合力时，其峰值高度为两者之和。与此相反的情形是海涌与海浪的能量相互抵消，从而形成相对平静的水面。飞机的触水地带最好能选择在这种区域When waves and swells are combined, the peak height is the combination of both crests. On the contary, if both of them counteract to each other, calm water surface will result, which is a preferable site for ditching;
e. 飞机下降到2000英尺时，最容易观察到主涌的方向，而副涌的方向要到贴近水面时才能观察到；When the airplane descends to 2000 feet, the direction of the primary swell is much easier to be observed, and the direction of secondary swell can be observed when approaching the water surface;
f. 可根据水面的浪花、和风纹判断风向风速。Wind direction and speed can be determined from waves and windstreaks on water surface.
（3） 程序：遵循相应机型操作手册和QRH中关于水上迫降的程序；Procedure: follow the relevant ditching procedures on AFM and QRH.
a. 地点选择：site selection
（a） 应对海况进行观察和评估，为飞机在水上迫降时选择合适的方向,。以最大程度地减少人员伤亡。坚持顶风迫降而不考虑海况是极端危险的。必须避免迎着海浪正面迫降；In order to select a good heading when ditching an aircraft, a basic evaluation of the sea is required. It can be extremely dangerous to land into the wind without regards to sea condition, captain shall avoid landing into a swell;
（b） 平行于海浪迫降时,在波峰或波谷并无明显区别。在可能的情况下,选择浪峰或浪背面的一侧为最佳。应在平行于波浪的前提下应选择带有最大顶风分量的触水航向；When ditching parallel to the swell, it makes little difference whether touchdown is on the top of the crest or in the trough. If possible, land on the top or back side of the swell. The airplane should land parallel with the swells and in the direction with headwind;
（c） 如只存在一个波浪系统,问题就相对简单。但大多数情况均为两个或更多不同方向的波浪系统。当存在两个以上的波浪系统时,海面看上去比较混乱。应选择与主系统平行的方向,在次系统的波谷触水。如两个系统的高度相同,则应选择与两个系统成45度夹角方向,并尽可能在波浪的背面触水；If only one swell system exists, the problem is relatively simple. Unfortunately, most cases involve two or more swell systems running in different directions. With more than one system present, the sea presents a confused appearance. One of the most difficult situations occurs when two swell systems are at right angles. Landing should be planned parallel to the primary system, and on the trough of the secondary system. If both systems are of equal height, a compromise may be advisable by selecting an intermediate heading at 45 degrees to both systems where touchdown should be attempted on the back sides of the swells;
（d） 如波浪系统庞大,平行于主波浪的方向下降触水时可能会遇到较强的侧风；If the swell system is substantial, expect strong crosswind when landing parallel to the swells;
（e） 副波浪系统通常是与风同方向，平行于主波浪系统触水可能会与风向和副波浪形成夹角，在这种情形中有两个平行于主波浪系统的方向可供选择：一个方向是顺风并且是顺副波方向，另一方向是顶风且面向副波的方向。选择触水方向时应综合权衡风速和副波的高度；Often, the secondary swell system is in the same direction as the wind. The landing made parallel to the primary system may form an angle the wind and the secondary swell. Under this condition, there are two directions parallel to the primary system. One directin is downwind and down the secondary swell, and the other is into the wind and into the secondary swell. The choice of direction should depend on the velocity of the wind versus the velocity and height of the secondary swell;
（f） 估计风向和风速最简单的方法是查看风在水面造成的波纹。机组应注意识别白色的浪尖被后浪压过而造成的泡沫向后漂移的假象，以便观察海面条纹时正确判定风向，并通过观察白色浪尖、泡沫和风纹来估计风速；The simplest method of estimating the wind direction and velocity is to examine the windstreaks on the water. These appear as long, white streaks upwind and downwind (not to be confused with waves, which are also white in appearance);
（g） 飞机触水的状况根据海况的不同会产生很大差异。如平行于单一波浪系统降落,飞机的状态会相对平稳。如在波浪紊乱的海面上降落,飞机可能会因受力过大而解体。机组可通过正确的海面评估选择合适的迫降方向,最大限度地减低飞机触水后的受力。The behavior of the aircraft making contact with the water will vary widely according to the state of the sea. If ditching parallel to a single swell system, expect the behavior of the aircraft to be the same as if ditching on a smooth sea. If ditching into a heavy swell, the deceleration and impact forces may be great enough to result in the break-up of the airplane. The pilot can minimize these forces by proper surface evaluation and selection of ditching heading.
b. 水上迫降的操作：ditching procedures:
（a） 完成水上迫降前准备,转向迫降航向并开始下降。保持飞机接近水面飞行并减速至《使用手册》建议的速度； If preparations for ditching have been completed, the pilot should turn to the ditching heading and commence ditching. The aircraft should be flown low over the water, and decelerate according to AFM recommended speed;
（b） 建议保持半失速状态触水，并在机尾触水时关闭发动机。这种方法有助于准确判断高度避免因误判高度而而使飞机过快触水；The airplane is recommanded to make contact with water in a semi-stalled attitude. Engines should be shut off as the tail makes contact. This technique eliminates the possibility of misjudging altitude, with can result in a fully stalled condition;
（c） 在夜间进行水上迫降时，应调整好推力，保持9至12度的机头上仰姿态和大于失速速度10%至12%的速度触水；When ditching at night without sufficient light, enough power should be used to maintain nine(9) to twelve(12) degrees nose up attitude, and 10% to 20% above stalling speed, until contact is made with the water;
（d） 单发迫降时应使飞机向工作的发动机一侧转弯至触水航向，机组应设定合适的推力，使方向舵具有足够的操纵效应；When ditching with an engine failure, the airplane should be banked in the direction of the running engine untill reaching the planned heading. Flight crew shall properly set power during the approach to maintain rudder effectiveness;
（e） 确认飞机不能飞至海岸时，飞行员应在燃油耗尽前完成迫降；When it is certain that the coast cannot be reached, the pilot should, if possible, ditch before fuel is exhausted;
（f） 如所有发动机都已失效，可保持飞机使用手册推荐的速度下滑直至拉平。应尽可能避免带下俯角触水；If no power is available, the AFM recommanded speed should be mainatained to the flare. Avoid contacting water with a nose down attitude;
c. 触水时应尽可能保持机翼放平，以减少飞机入水后的受力。 Flight crew shall try to maintain wings level when contacting water, in order to minimize the force.
（4） 救生设备：除正常的水上救生设备外，公司B777机型上还配备了10套婴儿救生衣,其具体存放位置见《飞行乘务员手册》7.1.1部分“应急设备存放位置”；Life vests: Other than normal life vests, CSN B777 is equipped with 10 infant lifevests. For storage positions, please refer to <cabin crew manual>7.1.1 “emergency quipment location”;
（5） 水上救生设备 Flotation devices
a. 应该向飞机上的每一名乘员提供一个救生用具，如救生衣、救生背心、救生圈等；Each person onboard shall be supplied with one life-saving equipment, such as lifevest, life jacket, and lifesaver;
b. 救生用具上应装有一个合格的救生定位指示灯。Each lifesaving equipment shall be equipped with an approved locator light;
c. 延伸跨水飞行时,机上救生设备符合以下要求：For extended overwater flights, the emergency floatation equipments shall meet the following requirements:
（a） 足够的救生船可乘载机组人员及乘客。救生船的浮力和座位量应当在损失了一条额定容量最大的救生船后，还能容纳飞机上的全体乘员；Enough life rafts to accommodate the occupants of the airplane. The numbers of the rafts seats and the buoyancy of the rafts shall be sufficient for all persons on board when the largest capacity raft is lost;
（b） 每只救生船至少有一个烟火信号装置；At least one pyrotechnic signaling device for each raft; and
（c） 紧急定位信标。Emergency locator transmitter (ELT).
d. 所需的救生设备安装在救生船里或经批准的部位，应当装有明显的标记；The required life equipment shall be located in the life raft or approved positions, and shall be labeled with obvious markings;
e. 为所飞航路适当配备的救生包，应当安装在所要求的每个救生船上；First-aid kits should located at each life raft;
f. 座垫：乘客座垫为中国民航总局批准使用的浮力装置；Seat cushions: The passenger seat cushions are CAAC approved flotation devices;
g. 救生衣：life Vests:
（a） 救生衣有以下几种：The following types of life vests are in use:
- 机组人员衣；Crew vests
- 成人/小孩乘客衣；Adult/children passenger vests
- 幼儿乘客衣。Infant vests
（b） 所有救生衣都用塑料袋封存，打开时可使用撕裂缝和拉头。塑料袋上标出了里面所装救生衣的型号和颜色。机组和乘务人员救生衣为粉红色或橙色，密封塑料袋上标有“机组人员用”字样。成人/小孩乘客救生衣可用于成年人和两岁以上小孩，其颜色为黄色，密封袋上印有“成人”或“小孩”字样。幼儿救生衣是供年龄小于两岁的小孩使用，颜色也是黄色，放在“幼儿救生衣”的塑料密封袋里；All life vests are sealed in plastic bags with the rip seams and pull tabs for the opening. The markings on the plastic bag indicate the color and type of vest inside. The crew vests are pink or orange and are sealed in plastic bags marked CREW ONLY. The adult/child vests, intended for adults and children over two years of age, are yellow and sealed in plastic bags marked ADULT or CHILD. The infant vests, intended for children under two years of age, are yellow and sealed in plastic bag marked INFANT LIFE VEST;
（c） 除了颜色及标志外，机组人员同成年/小孩救生衣是相同的。两种救生衣正反两面均可使用，并有两个相同独立气室。救生衣上系有一个指示灯以便于夜间识别，此外还有一条带子系着水浸电池，该电池只有浸在水中才能工作为指示灯提供电源；Other than color and markings, the crew vests and adult/child vests are identical. Both vests are fully reversible and have two identical but separate inflation chambers. A light is attached to the side of the vest to aid in locating persons at night. A water-activated battery, attached to a strap that extends from the vest, must be in the water to operate the light;
h. 救生船：Life Rafts
（a） 描述：Description
- 救生船中间有充气室，，主件外面附有一个充气手柄及手绳组合件；充气使用压缩空气和气泵来完成，拔出手柄/系绳即可充气，另外还附有一个手动泵（或充气筒），用于救生船人工充气；救生船上设有天蓬；There are inflation chambers within the liferafts. An inflation handle and mooring line are secured to the outside of the raft pack. Compressed air bottles and air pumps accomplish inflation when the inflation handle is pulled. A hand pump is included to inflate the center chamber. A canopy is equipped on the raft;
- 单个救生船附件位于船体各部位或中央部位，或存放在救生包内。Individual raft accessories are located at various positions on the raft, the center of the raft, or inside the life kits.
（b） 救生船和救生附件包括以下器具：Raft accessories and survival equipments include the following items:
- 手动充气泵；hand inflation pump
- 海锚； anchor
- 舀水桶；bailing bucket
- 生存手册；survival manual
- 天蓬；canopy
- 天蓬撑杆；canopy rods/mast
- 救生船说明书；raft instruction manual
- 刀具；knife
- 修补器材包；repair patches
- 急救箱；first aid kit
- 海绵；sponge
- 镜子；mirror
- 电筒；flashlight
- 瓶装水；bottled water
- 曳光弹；flares
- 口哨；whistle
- 海上染色标识剂。water dye markers
（c） 救生船操作：Operation of life rafts
- 如救生船在客舱内被意外充气，应立即将其撕破以免它阻塞旅客通道；If the raft starts to inflate inside the aircraft inadvertently, the raft must be punctured immediately to prevent blocking the cabin;
- 将系绳固定在在飞机的某个部件上（如从客舱门放出时固定在门的安全把手上；从机翼上的紧急门放出时固定在座椅上）；Attach the mooring line to a fixed part of the aircraft (e.g, the door safety handle when inflating through the cabin door or a seat leg when inflating through an overwing exit);
- 在从机翼上放船时，注意不要让救生船碰着锋利的边缘，按标注的程序给救生船充气；When rafts are inflated over the wings, use caution to avoide sharp objects, inflate rafts according to the indicated procedure;
- 救生船充气后应有一名机组人员首先登船并指挥旅客有序撤离。应有一名机组人员最后登船，并负责割断救生船系绳；After the inflation of the raft, a crewmember shall board first, and command an evacuation for the passengers. The last boarding person shall be a crewmember who is responsible to cut the mooring line and free the raft from the aircraft;
- 遵循救生船的使用手册（说明书）。Follow the raft manual for its operation.
12.12.8.2 陆地迫降：Precautionary landing
（1） 当飞机无法飞往机场或无法以正常的方式在机场着陆时，机长可决定迫降。实施迫降之前机长应向ATC和公司运行控制部门报告迫降地点(如可能)。还应指令乘务组作好客舱准备。迫降时的操作应按照相应的飞机操作手册/QRH执行；If an airplane is unable to fly to an airport or could not make a normal landing, the captain may decide to perform a precautionary landing. The captain shall notify ATC and SOC of the place for the precautionary landing (if possible) and brief the cabin crew to make prepartions. The landing shall be conducted in accordance with AFM/QRH;
（2） 在雾中迫降时,机长可依照仪表飞行方法操纵飞机并保持最小的下沉率缓慢下降。下降中,应根据无线电(或气压)高度表的指示判断距离地面的高度；If performing a precautionary landing in fog, the captain shall fly the airplane on instruments and maintain minimum vertical speed in the descent. During the descent, judge the height above the ground according to indicated radio altitude (or barimetic altitude);
（3） 夜间迫降时,应尽可能选择较理想的迫降地带,利用一切可用手段判断地面风向,并尽早接通着陆灯以提供必要的照明。接地前应注意拉平时机,以避免飞机带下俯角撞地或失速坠地；If performing a precautionary landing at night, choose the most suitable place, estimate the direction of the ground wind by all available means, and turn on the landing lights to provide necessary lighting as early as possible. The flare shall be timed correctly, to avoid touchdown with a nose down attitude or stalling;
（4） 机长应尽可能选择场内迫降。如需场外迫降,应考虑以下因素：The precautionary landing should be accomplished within an airport. If the landing is conducted outside an airport, pilots should consider the following:
a. 在人烟稀少的地区:应尽可能靠近居民点、公路和湖泊,并逆风进行;In the sparsely settled areas: land near any comunity, road or lake, and land into wind;
b. 在沼泽、森林地区:应选择植物的稠密地带,保持最小允许速度,并逆风进行;In swamp and forest areas: land near dense plant habitats and land into wind;
c. 在冻结的湖面或江河地区:应选择靠近岸边无雪堆、冰丘的区域,或沿冰丘的方向进行:On frozen river or lake surfaces: land close to the shore, be aware of snow banks, or execute landing along the ice mound;
d. 在沙丘地区:保持以最小允许速度并沿沙丘脊线进行:In sand dune: maintain minimum permissible airspeed and land along the ridge of the dune;
e. 在山区：应面向山坡斜上方进行；In moutaineous areas: perform the precautionary landing on rising terrain at the top of mountain;
f. 迫降前，注意保留一定燃油，以备观察地形和复飞时使用。Be sure to reserve the required amount of fuel for close observations and the go-around (if necessary).
（5） 如可能，机长应指定一名不直接参与迫降操纵的飞行员到客舱协助乘务组进行迫降准备。If possible, the captain shall assign a pilot, who does not directly participate in the forced landing operation, to assist the cabin crew to prepare for the forced landing.
（6） 主任乘务长/乘务长通过内线电话系统或直接进入驾驶舱报告机长客舱已完成迫降准备。The chief purser shall inform the captain via interphone or enter the cockpit when the preparation is complete.
（7） 迫降后，机长应组织机组成员尽快疏散旅客，并保护现场和文件。未经机长/乘务长指定或允许，机组任何人员不得先于旅客离机。机长应最后离开飞机，并尽可能在离机前完成客舱巡视；After the emergency landing, the captain shall instruct crewmembers to evacuate the passengers as soon as possible and protect the site and documents. No crewmember shall deplane earlier than passengers unless assigned or permitted by captain/purser. If possible, the captain should inspect the cabin (for any remaining passengers) prior to deplaning. The captain shall be the last person to deplane;
（8） 如可能，机组应使用各种手段尽快将发生的情况报告ATC或公司运行控制部门。The flight crew shall notify ATC or SOC on the site situation by all means as soon as possible.
12.12.8.3 紧急定位信标：Emergency locator transmitters (ELT)
（1） 描述：Description
a. 紧急定位信标是一种水浸电池驱动的无线电信标发信机，可以在紧急频率121.5兆赫上发出求救信号，便于救援部门确定遇险位置；ELT is water-activated, battery powered radio beacon which emits an emergency signal on frequency of 121.5MHZ, and the signal is possible to be detected by the search and rescue organizations to determine the distress position;
b. 水浸电池在低温条件下的工作时间将会缩短。Battery life is reduced when operating in colder temperatures.
（2） 水上操作：Operation at sea:
a. 将连接带宽的一头系到救生船上；Attach the wider end of the mooring belt to the raft;
b. 将信标机放入水中使其工作；Place the transmitter in the water to activate the battery;
c. 必要时可手动释放天线。If necessary, attempt to manually release the antenna;
（3） 陆上操作：Operation on Land:
a. 解开系带，使天线弹起；Unwrap tether and allow the antenna to spring upwards;
b. 在容器中注入任何的水性液体；Fill any water-based liquid to the container;
c. 将信标机装入容器中并竖立放置在空旷区域；Place the transmitter in the container, and place it upright in clear area;
d. 将发信机竖直放在空旷区域。Place the transmitter upright at an open area.
12.12.9 飞行人员能力丧失Pilot Incapacitation
12.12.9.1 总则：general
（1） 飞行人员丧失能力是指机组履行职责的能力部分或全部丧失的状态，因为飞行中生理或心理的的压力会造成身体或精神上的损害；Flight crew incapacitation means the pilot has lost full or partial competence in performing his duty. The factors contributing to the incapacitation may be psychological or physiological stress;
（2） 失去工作能力的表现很多，其范围可从濒临死亡的状态如突发性心脏病、休克等，到轻微的暂时性症状如牙痛、胃痛、睡眠不足等。机组应知晓这种失去工作能力的可能性无所不在，应提前预防，保持生理和心理均处于良好的状态。在飞行中，应加强机组人员间的交流，以便于及时发现问题，采取措施，保证飞行安全；Incapacitation occurs in many forms ranging from sudden death (sudden heart attack, shock etc.) to subtle diseases (e.g, toothache, stomach ache, insufficient sleep). The flight crew shall be in full awareness of the possibility of incapacitation, and take precautionary measures to maintain his body and mind in good conditions. In flight, strengthening the communication among crews is recommended in order to find out the problem and take early measures to ensure flight safety.
12.12.9.2 概况：丧失工作能力可大体分为下列两种类型： Incapacitation is generally categorized into the following 2 types:
（1） 明显丧失能力：明显丧失能力通常指机组成员丧失身体或精神能力，失去知觉或身体瘫痪或无力但依旧有意识，无法履行职责。明显丧失能力有时可包括全身痉挛，在出现丧失能力数分钟后陷入失去知觉的状态。造成明显丧失能力的原因包括心肌梗死、心脏病、脑溢血、脑中风和癫痫等；Obvious incapacitation: means the loss of mental or physical performance, loss of conciousness etc. Obvious incapacitation may include convulsion, and the pilot may lose conciousness several minutes after the incapacitation. Causes for obvious incapacitation maybe cardiac arrest, cerebral hemorrhage, apoplexia and epilepsia;
（2） 轻度丧失能力subtle incapacitation
a. 轻度丧失能力指一种部分或暂时在生理或心理上丧失能力的状态，表现为身体部分性麻痹（包括四肢，感觉迟钝，判断力、反应力下降或其它，如语言表达能力差，反应迟缓等）。Subtle incapacitation means the temporary loss of full or partial mental or physical competence, it occurs in the form of partial body paralysis (including arms and legs, low judgement ability or reactions, such as poor verbal expression etc.).
b. 应特别注意机组人员表现出常态而可能此时已陷入丧失能力的状态，轻度丧失能力包括暂时性低血糖、血压降低、头痛或心理病态、肌肉过度疲劳、睡眠不足、情绪不稳、牙痛、胃痛、头痛；Pay special attention to the pilot who apprears normal however maybe in the incapacitated state. Subtle incapacitation includes temperory hypoglycaemia, low blood pressure, headache or pathological illness, excessive muscular fatigue, insufficient sleep, emotional illness, tooth ache, stomache ache, headache etc.
c. 如果轻度丧失能力的现象经常发生而不能被其他机组成员及时发现，可能会导致比明显丧失能力更危险的后果。If subtle incapacitation occurred frequently and cannot be recognized by the other crew, it is considered a more hazardous situation than the obvious incapacitation.
12.12.9.3 发现丧失能力的方法：明显的丧失能力较容易发现，患病的机组成员可能从座椅上倒下。但轻度丧失能力不易发觉，下述方法可作为标准：Methods for determing incapacitation: it is easier to detect the obvious incapacitation (the incapacited crew member may fall off the seat). The subtle incapacitation is difficult to recognize, the following method are should be used to elimiate the possibility of any false alarm:
（1） 严格按程序操作，如果一名机组成员需偏离标准程序，应事先通知另外的机组成员：follow the standard procedure strictly; pilots shall inform other crew prior to any deviations:
a. 规定的程序和图表；use authorized procedure and chart
b. 监控和交叉检查。monitor and cross check
（2） “两次通讯”判断 “Second Interrogation” method
a. “两次通讯”判断是指如果一名机组成员不能及时给另一名机组成员一个合适的回答或响应，则那名机组成员被判定为丧失工作能力。Second Interrogation method means if a pilot makes no adequate response or is slow in the response, such pilot is considered to be incapacitated.
b. “两次通讯”判断的实施方法如下： “Second interrogation” method for determing incapacitation are as follows:
（a） 第一次通讯：机组成员被怀疑为丧失能力，如果：first interrogation: a pilot is suspected to be under incapacitation if:
- 他被另一机组成员时反应不及时不恰当（包括不能对检查单做出回应）。He fails to respond or repond improperly to another crew member’s callout,(including no response to the checklist)
- 与标准程序有偏差，如监控和交叉检查，丧失能力的机组成员无法进行适当的回答或无法立即履行操作，需要他人提示或指出偏差。He makes unannounced deviations from standard procedure, such as failure to monitor and cross check, unable to respond properly or requires others to point out deviations.
（b） 第二次通讯：在重复上一次的口令之后，如果仍不能有恰当的回答或响应，则可判定该飞行员已丧失能力，应采用本节12.12.9.4所列措施。Second Interrogation: a pilot who fails to respond or improperly respond to the second verbal interrogation (repeat of the first question) is considered incapacitated. Refer to 12.12.9.4 for procedures.
12.12.9.4 发现机组成员失能后的处置：因为无法概括所有情况，建议按以下程序处置handling procedure after determing pilot incapacitation: not all cases can be covered in this section, the procedures shall be conducted according to the following guidelines:
（1） 宣布紧急状态，使用自动驾驶仪减轻工作量，接替失能驾驶员的操作职责，检查飞行操纵系统和其他主要系统控制电门的位置；declare the emergency, use autopilot to relieve workload, take on the duty of the incapacitated crew, check flight control system and the control switch positions of other main system;
（2） 立即采取保护措施，防止失能机组成员肢体妨碍或影响飞行操作和发动机操作等关键部位的手柄和电门；Take protective measures immediately, to restrict the incapacitated pilot from touching flight controls and switches;
（3） 由驾驶舱第三成员用PA系统或其它方式通知乘务员到驾驶舱协助，注意不要惊扰旅客；The third crewmember shall notify (through the interphone or other methods) the cabin crew for help. Do not alert the passengers;
（4） 乘务员或被要求提供帮助的安全员应首先将失能者的肩带、腿部安全带扣好并拉紧；将失能者的座椅尽可能向后移，并朝后倾斜椅背，然后尽可能将失能者移出驾驶舱；若无法使失能者离开座椅，一名机组成员应留在驾驶舱照顾并观察失能者；Cabin crew or flight guard on board should restrain the incapacitated pilot by the shoulder harness lock and slide the seat to the full-aft position. It is recommonded to move the incapacited pilot out of the cockpit; if not, a flight crew should stay in the cockpit to observe and take care of him;
（5） 通过乘务员寻求具有医疗资格的旅客进行对失能者进行紧急救治；Attemp to find a medically qualified passenger to provide first aid;
（6） 尽可能安排机组第三名驾驶员乘机人员中具有该机型驾驶资格的航空公司飞行员来替代失能驾驶员的工作职责；If on board, the pilot qualified on airplane type should assume the duty of the incapacitated pilot;
（7） 将驾驶员失能及处置情况报告ATC和公司运行控制部门； Notify ATC and SOC;
（8） 必要时可改航至合适的机场着陆。Divert to a suitable airport for landing if necessary.
12.12.10 通讯失效Communication Failure
12.12.10.1 概述general
（1） 所有处于管制下的飞机应在指定的无线电频率上与相应的空中交通管制单位保持双向通信，除非相应的ATS对于在管制区域内构成机场交通的飞机另有规定（使用SELCAL或其它自动信号设备满足保持守听要求）；An aircraft operated as a controlled flight shall maintain contiuous listening watch on the appropriate radio frequency of, and establish two-way communication as neccessary with, the appropriate air traffic control unit, except as may be prescribed by the appropriate ATS authority in respect of aircraft forming part of aerodrome traffic at a controlled aerodrome. SELCAL or similar;
（2） 当飞机因设备失效不能与ATC保持通信联络时，机组应在尽可能恢复陆空通信的同时，执行所在国家或地区关于通信失效的程序；If communication with ATC is lost, flight crew shall attempt to recover the communication, in addition, they shall perform the communication failure procedure of the country the airplane is operated in;
（3） 机组在飞行中应特别注意不要将话筒卡在发射位置，以避免人为原因造成通信失效。Pilots shall make sure the mic button is not seized in the transmit position.
12.12.10.2 陆空通讯失效程序air-ground communication failure
（1） 当飞机无法与指定频率上的航空无线电台建立联系时，应尝试在航路上适当的另一频率上建立联系。如果失败的话，飞机电台应尝试在航路上适当的频率上与其它飞机或其它航空电台取得联系；If unable to establish contact with the aeronautical station on the designated frequency, pilots shall attempt to establish contact on another frequency appropriate to the route. If such attempt fails, the aircraft station shall attempt to establish communication with other aircrafts or other aeronautical stations on frequencies appropriate to the route;
（2） 如以上的尝试都不成功，飞机电台应在指定的频率上盲发两次，发送时应首先声明“TRANSMITTING BLIND（盲发）”必要时还可在发送的内容中包含接收信息的单位名称；If the above specified attempts fail, pilots shall transmit any message twice on the designated frequencies, preceded by the phrase “TRANSMITTING BLIND” and, if necessary, include the name of the station called;
（3） 国际民航组织PANS的建议 ：在统一运行管制网络中，盲发的信息应在主频率和备用频率上都发送两次。在改变频率前，飞机电台应声明将要改变的频率； ICAO recommendation on “PANS”: In unified network operation, a message which is transmitted blind should be transmitted twice on both primary and secondary frequencies. Before changing frequency, the aircraft station should announce the frequency to which it is changing;
（4） 如机组已确认仅仅是发射机失效，应在指定的频率上保持收听并按照接受到的ATC指令飞行。When an aircrft station is unable to establish two-way communication solely due to transmitter failure, pilots shall monitor the designated frequency and comply with the ATC instruction.
12.12.10.3 接收机失效 receiver failure
（1） 当飞机电台由于接收机故障无法建立通讯时，飞机电台应在预定的时间或位置在现用频率上发送报告，并声明“TRANSMITTING BLIND DUE TO RECEIVER FAILURE（由于接收机故障盲发）”，然后完整地重复一遍同时告知预计下次发送信息的时间。盲发的信息内容还应包括机长关于继续飞行的意图；When an aircraft station is unable to establish communication due to receiver failure, it shall transmit reports at the scheduled times, or positions, on the frequency in use, preceded by the phrase “ TRANSMITTING BLIND DUE TO RECEIVER FAILURE”. The aircraft station shall transmit the intended message, followed by a complete repeat. During this procedre, the aircraft shall also advise the time of its next intended transmission;
（2） 对于装有空地信息交换网络设备的飞机，可通过网络与地面保持联络The aircraft which is equipped with air-ground information exchange network can maintain communication with the ground via the network;
（3） 当飞机由于机载设备故障无法建立或保持陆空通信时，应将应答机编码调置到7600。When an aircraft is unable to establish communication due to airborne equipment failure, pilots shall set the transponder to 7600.
12.12.10.4 国际（地区）飞行时：international flight:
（1） 飞机在国际(地区)航线上飞行失去通信联络时,机长(飞行通信员)应执行当时所在国家或地区规定的通信失效程序。机组在飞行前应该复习本次飞行所涉及国家或地区关于通信失效的程序和规则；If the aircraft communication fails in international flight, captain (radio operator) should perform the communication failure procedure of the country whose area the aircraft is in operating. Flight crew should review the communication procedure and regulations of the involved country or region prior to performing the flight;
（2） 对于没有发布特定程序或规则的国家，机组应执行国际民航组织的标准通信失效程序。For countries that do not issue specific procedure or regulations, flight crew should perform standard ICAO communication failure procedures.
12.12.10.5 国内飞行时：domestic flight
（1） 目视飞行时,机长应保持目视飞往就近机场着陆。In VMC, the aircraft shall continue to fly in visual meteorological conditions and land at the nearest suitable aerodrome.
（2） 仪表飞行时,机长应按照飞行计划中指定的高度层和预计到达时间,飞往着陆机场导航台上空。在预计到达时间后的30分钟内按照优先着陆程序下降和仪表进近。In IMC, the captain shall fly over the intended landing airport navigation station at the flight level and ETA in accordance with the flight plan. Within 30 minutes after ETA, descend according to the landing procedure and perform the instrument approach.
（3） 只有确知着陆机场的天气低于标准,方可按照飞行计划飞往备降机场。改变航向后,原高度层符合新航向的高度层配备时,应保持原高度层飞行，如原高度层低于最低安全高度时,则应上升到符合新航向的最低安全高度层飞行；改变航向后,原高度层不符合新航向的高度层配备时,应下降300米(原高度层在6,600米(含)以上时,应当下降600米)飞行，如下降会低于最低安全高度时,应上升到符合新航向的最低安全高度层飞行；If it is confirmed that the weather in planned destination airport is below the captain’s minimums, the aircraft should divert to the planned alternate. The cruise level to the alternate airport shall satisfy the requirement of enroute safety altitude and ATC flight level allocation (odd or even).
（4） 有应答机的飞机,应将其置于"A7600"；For transponder equipped airplanes, set transponder to A7600.
（5） 如失效发生在仪表飞行条件下，或无法执行目视飞行规则，飞行机组应按以下规定继续飞行：If the failure occurs in IMC, or VFR can not be conducted, flight crew should continue the flight as per the following rules:
a. 按照最后收到的空中交通管制部门许可的航线飞行；Perform the flight in compliance with the last ATC clearance;
b. 如正被雷达引导，应按照从无线电失效时位置直飞到下一个许可的航路点；If vectored by Radar, continue the flight from the point where the failure occurred to the next cleared waypoint;
c. 如发生通信失效之前ATC没有改变航向和/或高度的指令，机组应按照飞行计划中的航线飞行；If the heading and/or altitude clearance is not changed by ATC prior to communication failure, pilots shall continue the flight according to the flight plan;
d. 保持ATC最后指定的高度或高度层，最低仪表飞行安全高度；Maintain the last altitue or flight level instructed by ATC, or maintain the minimum safe altitude;
e. 如果已收到进近许可或预计许可进近时刻，可开始进近或从预计许可进近的时刻开始进近；If approach clearance has been received, pilots may begin the approach. If estimated approach time has been received, pilots may begin approach at the estimated time of approach.
12.12.10.6 双向通信失效时应答机的使用:transponder operation during two-way communication failure
（1） 将应答机编码调置到7700并保持一分钟 set to 7700 and maintain for 1 minute;
（2） 然后将应答机编码置于“7600”15分钟或保留到剩余飞行时间（若剩余飞行时间少于15分钟）；set 7600 for 15 minutes or maintained till the end of flight (if the rest flight takes less than 15 minutes);
（3） 若剩余飞行时较长，应每隔15分钟重复一次上述做法；If the remaining flight period is longer, repeat the above steps every 15 minutes;
（4） 管制员发现通信失效的飞机应答机编码的变化后，可能会通过盲发指令来确定飞机的接收机是否有效。The ATC, upon discovering an aircraft with communication failure and its transponder code changed, blind transmissions may be directed to the airplane to determine if the onboard receiver is operating.
12.12.11 最低油量和紧急油量（依据：CCAR121.555）Minimun/Emergency Fuel(according to CCAR121.555):
12.12.11.1 合理的飞行计划和适当的燃油使用程序应当保证公司所有航班在到达预计落地机场时仍有备份油量剩余，当没有合适备降机场可以使用以降低改航油量时，任何意外的延误情况都可能导致航班预计到达油量（EFOA）偏低，甚至影响飞行安全；A reasonable flight plan and proper fuel operation procedures can ensure all CSN flights lands with fuel reserves remaining. If there is no suitable alternate airport to divert to, any unexpected delay may cause EFOA to decrease, which affect the safety of the flight;
12.12.11.2 最低燃油和紧急燃油量是公司为确保飞行安全而制定的机载燃油剩余量参考值，与规章规定的签派放行油量无关Minimum fuel and Emergency fuel values are references set by CSN for the purpose of flight safety, and are not related to dispatch release fuel requirements;
12.12.11.3 当低燃油情况出现时飞行员和签派员应执行本部分程序，低燃油运行程序假定飞机飞往最近的合适备降场，并且对于飞行员没有其他的备降场或程序可以使用，同时还假定航班预计到达油量是基于按常规的（批准的）航路运行；If low fuel situation occurs, procedure of this section shall be followed. Low fuel situation assumes the aircraft flys to the nearest suitable airport, and no other options of airports or procedures are available. Also, it assumes that the EFOA is calculated based upon the routine (approved) flight operation;
12.12.11.4 最低燃油状况Minimum fuel
（1） 出现以下情况时即为最低燃油情况：在使用了包括可能的二次放行在内的所有可以降低耗油量从而安全完成本次飞行任务的方法后，基于预计的航路飞行至着陆点，在预计着陆机场的预计到达油量（EFOA）少于维持30分钟飞行时间的油量，并且任何额外的延误将可能导致出现紧急燃油状况；（在欧洲境内飞行时，紧急油量应为30分钟，最低燃油为45分钟）；Minimum fuel occurs when: All available options to resolve the low fuel condition have been exhausted including possible re-clearance, and the estimated fuel remaining on touchdown at the airport of intended landing will be less than 30 minutes (cruise fuel consumption), and further delay will result in emergency fuel condition;(In Europe, 45 minutes for minimum fuel and 30 for emergency fuel.);
（2） 维持30分钟飞行时间的最低燃油量的计算基于以下条件：The caculation of minimum fuel which can support 30 minutes endurance are based on the following factors:
a. 等待速度；holding speed;
b. 机场标高以上450米（1500英尺）高度；1500 feet(450m) AGL;
c. 使用飞机最大无油重量；MZFW; and
d. 最低燃油量中应包括油量表指示误差；fuel quantity indicator error shall be included in the minimum fuel;
（3） 各机型维持30分钟飞行时间油量 30 minutes endurance for various aircraft types:
|
机型 aircraft type |
燃油量(公斤) Fuel quantity(kilogram) |
燃油量(磅) Fuel quantity(lb) |
|
B737-300 |
1170 |
2579 |
|
B737-500 |
1110 |
2447 |
|
B737-700 |
1050 |
2315 |
|
B737-800 |
1150 |
2535 |
|
B747-400F |
4660 |
10274 |
|
B757-200 |
1679 |
3702 |
|
B777-200A |
2710 |
5975 |
|
B777-200IGW |
2780 |
6129 |
|
A320-200 |
1137 |
2507 |
|
A300-600 |
2102 |
4634 |
|
A321 |
1427 |
3146 |
|
MD90 |
1280 |
2822 |
|
MD82 |
1190 |
2624 |
|
ATR-72 |
300 |
661 |
|
机型aircraft type |
燃油量(公斤) Fuel quantity(kilogram) |
燃油量(磅) Fuel quantity(lb) |
（4） 出现最低燃油情况时飞机应立即飞往合适机场着陆，不应再出现延误或偏离计划的航路。计划的航路包括正常的进近程序，加上向空管部门宣布低燃油情况时通常的延误。此时不要求或不需要优先处置，但希望管制员将可能进一步延长航班飞行时间的非正常情况通报飞行员，这些情况包括：等待、由于天气情况出现的额外延误、流量控制及速度限制等。管制员应该意识到如果飞行员遇到了进一步的延误的话，宣布了的“最低燃油情况”很可能进一步发展成为紧急燃油情况。When minimum fuel occurs, flight crew shall land at the suitable airport, further delay or deviation from the planned flight route should not be allowed. Planned flight route includes normal approach procedure and any delays in routing known at the time minimum fuel is declared. In this case, priority is not necessary or shall not be requested, but ATC should notify the pilot of possible abnormal conditions which may extend the flight, including: holding, further delay due to weather or traffic flow control or speed limitation. ATC realize that further delays may result in the development of an emergency fuel condition.
（5） 当出现最低燃油状况时，飞行员应该： When minimum fuel occurs, pilot shall:
a. 向空管部门宣布最低燃油状况； Declare minimum fuel to ATC;
b. 使用飞行时间说明剩余燃油情况，此时的剩余燃油应该是飞往降落机场的所需飞行时间加上30分钟；Express fuel remaining in minutes, the present endurance should be the time for landing at the intended airport plus 30 minutes cruise;
c. 按空管部门批准的航路继续执行航班任务，空管部门可以安排常规的航路；Continue performing the flight via air route approved by ATC, and ATC may arrange routine route; and
d. 向签派员通报宣布了最低燃油状况；Declare minimum fuel to dispatch.
（6） 当出现最低燃油状况时，签派员应与相应的空管部门联系，确保飞行机组、签派员和空管部门保持联系和协作直至飞机安全落地；If minimum fuel occurs, dispatch shall contact with relevant ATC, and maintain full communication and cooperation until the safe landing of the airplane;
（7） ETOPS运行的最低燃油政策在公司《ETOPS运行手册》1.2.7.7中另有规定，本部分中对各机型的最低燃油量的规定不适用于ETOPS运行；For ETOPS minimum fuel policy, refer to “ETOPS operation manual”1.2.7.7, information of this chapter does not apply to ETOPS minimul fuel condition;
（8） 低于最低燃油着陆并不违反公司政策或相关的中国民航法规和条例；Landing under minimum fuel condition is not in violatin with CSN policy or relevant CCAR;
（9） 由于最低燃油状况和紧急燃油状况间的燃油量差别较小，机组应及时宣布最低燃油状况以便防止紧急燃油状况的出现；Due to the relatively short time span between minimum fuel and emergency fuel, minimum fuel condition shall be declared in time to prevent the development of an emergency fuel condition.
12.12.11.5 紧急燃油状况：如果预计到达油量低于最低燃油值，可能出现紧急燃油状况；Emergency fuel: If the estimated fuel on arrival(EFOA) is lower than the minimum fuel, it is possible the emergency fuel condition will occur;
（1） 如果基于正常计划的航路飞行，航班在预计降落机场的预计到达燃油（EFOA）少于维持20分钟飞行时间的油量，即为紧急燃油状况；If the EFOA is less than 20 minutes endurance based on normal planned flight, it is considered as emergency fuel;
（2） 维持20分钟飞行时间的紧急燃油的计算基于：The calculation of 20 minutes endurance emergency fuel is based on:
a. 等待速度；holding speed;
b. 飞机重量为最大无油重量；aircraft weight is the MZFW;
c. 机场标高以上450米（1500英尺）高度；altitude is 450m(1500feet) above elevation of the airport; and
d. 紧急燃油量中应包括油量表指示误差；Fuel quantity indicator error shall be included in the emergency fuel.
（3） 各机型维持20分钟飞行时间油量 20minutes endurance of various aircraft types:
|
机型aircraft type |
燃油量(公斤)fuel quantity(KG) |
燃油量(磅)fuel quantity(lb) |
|
B737-300 |
780 |
1720 |
|
B737-500 |
740 |
1631 |
|
B737-700 |
700 |
1543 |
|
B737-800 |
767 |
1691 |
|
B747-400F |
3106 |
6848 |
|
B757-200 |
1120 |
2469 |
|
B777-200A |
1807 |
3984 |
|
B777-200IGW |
1853 |
4085 |
|
A320-200 |
758 |
1671 |
|
A300-600 |
1401 |
3089 |
|
A321 |
951 |
2097 |
|
MD90 |
853 |
1881 |
|
MD82 |
793 |
1748 |
|
ATR-72 |
200 |
441 |
|
机型aircraft type |
燃油量(公斤)fuel quantity (kg) |
燃油量(磅)fuel quantity(lb) |
（4） 在宣布紧急燃油状况时不能有任何延误，如果根据机组的判断，极有可能出现由导致最低燃油状况的延误原因以外的情况引起的进一步的延误，飞行机组不应有任何犹豫向空管部门宣布紧急燃油状况，以便及时获得优先处置。The flight crew shall declare the emergency fuel without any delay. According to the judgement of the flight crew, further delay caused by the condition other than the one which causes minimum fuel will probablly occur. The flight crew shall declare emergency fuel to ATC without any hesitation, to acquire priority in time.
（5） 当出现紧急燃油状况时，机组应该：When emergency fuel condition occurs, the flight crew shall:
a. 向空管部门宣布紧急燃油状况；Declare emergency fuel to ATC;
b. 以飞行时间形式通报剩余燃油量，这一数值应该是飞往降落机场所需时间加上20分钟；Express remaining fuel in minutes, the endurance value shall be time for flying and land at the intended airport plus 20 minutes;
c. 向空管部门申请优先处置；Request priority from ATC;
d. 直接飞往着陆机场；Fly to landing airport directly;
e. 如果时间允许，向飞行签派员通报此紧急情况；If time permits, notiry dispatch of the emergency; and
f. 宣布最低燃油的用语：“MAYDAY，MAYDAY，MADAY，xxx航班进入最低燃油状况，剩余燃油量xxx和可飞时间xxx（分钟） ”。Declare minimun fuel phrasology: “MAYDAY，MAYDAY，MADAY，xxx flight is minimum fuel condition, remaining fuel is xxx minutes.
（6） 当出现紧急燃油状况时，签派员应该： When emergency occurs, the dispatcher shall:
a. 提供机组要求的任何帮助；Provide any assistance required by the flight crew;
b. 确保所有的相关空管部门获得此紧急燃油状况信息；Ensure all relevant ATC receives the information of emergency fuel condition;
c. 确保飞机计划着陆的机场获得此紧急燃油状况信息；Ensure the planned landing airport receives the information of emergency fuel condition;
d. 确保启动所有相应的紧急程序和通告；Ensure all relevant emergency procedure and notification are activated; and
e. 记录此紧急状况和相关的环境；Record the emergency condition and relevant conditions.
12.12.12 空中劫持Hijacking
12.12.12.1 公司关于处置劫持飞机事件的政策依据CSN policy in handling hijacking are developed from:
（1） 《中华人民共和国民用航空法》； “People’s Republic of China Civial Aviation Law”
（2） 《中华人民共和国民用航空安全保卫条例》； “People’s Republic of China Civil Aviation Safety Security Regulations”
（3） 《国际民用航空公约》附件17《防止对国际民用航空进行非法干扰行为的安全保卫》； “International Civial Aviation Contract” Annex 17 “Safety Security of Prevention of Unlawful Interference to International Civial Aviation” and
（4） 中国民用航空总局相关防止劫机的安全保卫程序related safety security procedure for hijacking prevention (from CAAC).
12.12.12.2 公司关于发生劫持飞机事件的处理指导原则CSN handling guidelines for hijacking:
（1） 当发生劫持飞机事件时，机组处置的第一原则是确保机上旅客、机组成员和飞机的安全；The first consideration in hijacking is the safety of all persons and aircraft;
（2） 机长统一负责飞机在飞行中的安全保卫工作，当发生劫机事件时，没有机长的指令，所有机组成员必须留在飞机上履行其职责，直到劫机事件中止以及所有旅客离开飞机；It is the captain’s responsibility to safeguard the airplane in flight. Withought the permission of the captain, all crew members shall stay on board to perform their duty and resposibility, untill the termination of hijacking and all passengers have deplaned;
（3） 机长必须依据“安全第一”的原则，依照国际民航组织《关于在航空器上犯罪及其他某些行为的公约》（《东京公约》）、《关于制止非法劫持航空器的公约》（《海牙公约》）、《关于制止危害民用航空安全的非法行为的公约》（《蒙特利尔公约》）的基本原则进行处置，行使机长的权力；Captain shall follow the principle of “safety first” in performing his duty and responsibility and he shall handle the hijacking in accordance with the following: “ICAO Convention on Criminal or Other Behavior on Aircraft”; “Tokyo Pact”; “Convention on Prevention of Unlawful Hijacking”; “Hague convention”; “convention on prevention of unlawful behavior on civil aviation safety”; and “Montreal convention”;
（4） 所有机组成员必须按照机长“安全第一”的指挥原则进行处置；All other crewmembers shall comply with the captain’s principle of “safty first”;
（5） 机组人员在飞行前必须进行处置劫机事件预案的协作；Flight crew shall make coodination programme on handling hijacking before the flight;
（6） 应采取一切措施，防止劫机者进入驾驶舱；Take any actions necessary to prevent the hijacker from entering cockpit.
12.12.12.3 机组处置劫机事件的基本程序 Procedures for the crew when handling hijacking:
（1） 如有非法干扰者威胁或声称要劫机，客舱乘务员应：If an unlawful interferer claims to hijack the airplane, cabin crew shall:
a. 进一步证实非法干扰者的意图以及确认其进一步的行动；confirm his intention and his further action;
b. 向机长报告。notify captain;
c. 如果非法干扰者没有进一步的行动或仅口头声称劫持飞机，机长应指挥航空安全人员进一步查明情况，确认下一步行动；或按一般非法干扰旅客行为处置；If the interferer make no further action after making the claim of hijacking, captain shall command the air guard on board to further check on the situation, consider the next action; or handle the situation in accordance with the normal unlawful interference procedure;
d. 如果非法干扰者不仅声称劫持飞机并有进一步的行动（露出武器、凶器、出现其他暴力威胁机组和旅客或严重干扰行为）If the unlawful interferer not only claims hijacking, also make further action (weapon exposed, or other violent action to threaten flight crew and passengers):
（a） 机长应：captain shall:
- 宣布紧急状态，同时指挥机组人员进行处置；declare emergency; command flight crews to handle the situation;
- 立即向ATC报告；notify ATC immediately;
- 实施紧急返航着陆或在就近机场着陆； land at departure airport or land at the nearest airpor; and
- 向公司运行控制中心报告。notify SOC.
（b） 客舱乘务员应：cabin crew shall:
- 按照公司处置劫机事件预案进行处理；handle the situation according to CSN scenarios on hijack; and
- 执行客舱安全保卫防范措施，如停止服务等。perform cabin security measures, such as stop services and etc.
（2） 分析判断劫机者的情况以及特点Analysis of the hijacker
a. 劫机者的类型hijacker types
（a） 对现实社会以及经济不满者：rebellious:
- 为了获取金钱，或要求解救或释放某一罪犯，或者劫机者本身就是通缉的逃亡的经济或刑事罪犯，或者逃避引渡者，以及为了造成重大或恶劣社会政治影响的，对社会现实不满人员；including: persons demanding wealth, the release of prisoners, the hijacker himself is a fugitive prisoner wanted by law, or the hijacker loathes the society and attempts to cause disruption to society;
- 此类劫持飞机这情况复杂，一般有武装，并且相当顽固。Such hijacker may have a complex background. They are normally armed, and very obstinate.
（b） 精神病患者Neuropathic:
- 精神压抑，寻求公共注意的人员，或精神分裂病人； Person who feels much depressed, seeks public attention, or schizophrenic;
- 此类人员病症发作时相当危险，必须小心周旋。It is very dangerous when these kind of hijackers break out their disease, and shall be treated with great care.
（c） 持不同政见者Political:
- 在专政进行镇压区域逃离的持不同政见者；Person who comes from a region of suppressed dictatorship and has diffferent political view;
- 此类人员比较温和，较为注重自己和他人生命。These kind of hijackers are not as violent or unpredictable, they usually cherish the lives of themselves and others.
（d） 恐怖主义组织和个人 Terrorist (organization and individual)
- 此类人员有周密组织，一般使用武器装备并经过专门训练；
- 此类人员有坚定的政治目标，根据不同的宗教信仰，有不同的组织，此类人员特点是不达目的决不罢休，在特殊情况下有境外国家或当局的帮助与认可，一般要求逃亡到能给予帮助的国家，或者以与明确敌对者同归于尽为目的。They have complete organization, normally they are armed and specially trained; they have firm political objectives and the organization varies according to different religion beliefs. They may have international supporters or even countries which support their hijack. Their trait is they never stop until they reach the goal even if it means dying.
b. 劫机者的情况：发生劫机事件时，机长和机组成员应尽量了解下列情况 In the event of hijacking, the captain and flight crew shall try every effort to find out the following information:
（a） 劫机者的目的；purpose of hijacker;
（b） 劫机者的人数（单人还是团体以及具体人员数目）；number of the hijackers (single or a group);
（c） 劫机者是否有武器装备（具体的武器或凶器，是否有爆炸物品、易燃物品等）；are they armed(weapon, any explosives onboard, flammable items);
（d） 劫机者的国籍；nationality of hijacker; and
（e） 劫机者的特征（性别、服饰等）。characteristics of hijacker(gender, clothing,etc).
12.12.12.4 劫机处置过程的指导：每一次劫机事件发生都伴有错综复杂的情况，要根据当时的具体情况进行处置，以下列出的原则和要点是机组处置劫机事件时需重点考虑的因素Guidlines for handling hijacking: It is not possible to provide a set procedure for handling all hijackings. Crews shall use their best judgment based on the situation. The following principles and guidelines should be taken into account when handling hijacking:
（1） 当发生劫机事件，机组人员面对劫机者应沉着镇静，要坚持“安全第一”原则，审时度势灵活处置，并在可能情况下要求公司公务乘机人员或加机组人员协助，不是极端情况不要求旅客参与处置劫机事件，机组人员要详细了解劫机者的想法，采取适当的对应措施；When under hijack, flight crew shall remain calm, keep the principle of “safety first” in mind. If possible, ask assistance from additional pilot or comapany employee. Passengers’ paticipation is not recommanded unless in extreme conditions. Flight crew shall attempt to know hijacker’s intention, and take appropriate actions;
（2） 应由机组预案的人员面对劫机者，与劫机者进行交谈，提出保证旅客和机组人员、飞机安全条件，表示按照劫机者的要求执行，答应劫机者的要求；A member of the crew (who has most ability and is familiar with hijack scenarios) may negotiate with the hijacker. The requirements of passenger, crew and airplane safety should be stated to the hijacker. Also, state that demands by the hijacker can be met;
（3） 必须保护驾驶舱门，不让劫机者进入驾驶舱并尽量想办法使劫机者远离驾驶舱；Make every effort to keep the hijacker away from the cockpit;
（4） 情况不明时不要试图解除劫机者的武装；Do not attempt to disarm the hijacker when condition is undetermined;
（5） 不要与劫机者争议，进行政治性辩论，特别是持不同政见者；Do not argue with hijacker on politics, expecially to those who has different political views;
（6） 不要显示出对劫机者的敌视或蔑视态度，不要采取激烈的行为，避免激化矛盾，在进行任何动作之前要告知劫机者原因并取得允许；Do not express anger or prejudice to the hijacker, do not take actions that may intensify the situation. Ask for hijacker’s permission and tell the reason before any action is taken;
（7） 如果劫机者是精神病发作，并暴力伤害他人，应设法劝阻或将其制服；If the hijacker is in psychosis outbreak, and injurs others with violence, flight crew shall attemp to stop and overpower him;
（8） 停止向旅客的提供酒精饮料，更不能向劫机者提供酒精饮料；Discontinue the service of alcoholic beverages to either passengers, nor hijackers;
（9） 可以向劫机者通报和解释飞机燃油、机场关闭、系统故障、空管指挥等技术原因，要求他们协助，尽全力劝说他们不要干扰机组执行操作程序；Hijackers often accept the crew’s word on technical matters. Use reasons such as limited range, low fuel, closure of airport, system malfunction, ATC and etc. to pursuade the hijacker to yield to the conducts of the flight crew;
（10） 在可能的情况下对劫机者进行劝阻，晓之以厉害，劝其中止犯罪行为；If possible, discourage the hijacker and pursuade him to terminate his criminal behavior;
（11） 保持客舱与驾驶舱的内话联系。Maintain communication between the cockpit and the cabin.
12.12.12.5 机组处置程序 crew handling procedures
（1） 当发生劫机事件时，机组必须向ATC报告空中发生的情况以及与飞行计划的任何偏离，使管制员能够为飞机提供优先并尽量减小与其它飞机的冲突；In the event of hijacking, notify ATC of the emergency and any deviation from the flight plan to minimize traffic conflicts. Request priority from ATC;
a. 如不在雷达管制区，应向ATC报告飞机当时的位置；If the aircraft is not in radar control area, notify ATC of the present position of the aircraft;
b. 尽量不要改变呼号，以免造成航空管制的误会。Try not to change the callsign to avoid any misunderstandings.
（2） 宣布紧急状况 Declare Emergency
a. 使用发布“紧急状况”程序；perform procedure for emergency transmission;
b. 报告飞机详细信息。Notify detailed information of the aircraft.
（3） 按下列编码调置应答机；set transponder:
a. 7500，特指飞机遇到非法干扰；7500, dedicated code for unlawful interference;
b. 7700，特指飞机遇到紧急遇险情况，要求紧急援助；7700, dedicated code for emergency situation, request emergency asistance;
c. 将应答机调置7500后直到ATC收到或询问，再将应答机调置到7700，表明劫持事件非常紧急状态；set transponder to 7500 untill ATC receive or interrogate, than set transponder to 7700, indicationg hijacking in emergency condition;
d. 选择代码7500后，如ATC要求证实，飞行员应根据情况进行证实或不回答（注：如飞行员未进行回答，ATC将认为代码7500并非是由于飞行员无意中的错误选择）；If requested by ATC to confirm 7500, pilot shall confirm according to conditions or do not respond.(note: if pilot does not respond, ATC will consider 7500 is not the inadvertent selection of pilot);
e. 如果不能调整应答机（没有安装或应答机故障），或者不在雷达管制区域，应使用无线电用明语发出相关信息。If transponder cannot be set (no transponder equipped or transponder failed),or airplane is not in radar control area, flight crew shall transmit the emergency via radio.
（4） 如果无法将飞机被劫持的情况向ATC报告，应试图按原定的航路和飞行高度飞行直到与ATC建立联系或进入雷达管制空域；If unable to notify ATC, attempt to follow original air route and flight level until communication with ATC is established or enter radar control area;
（5） 如果受到严重干扰，无法得到ATC的许可而被迫离开指定的航路和飞行高度，除非机长另有考虑，除在当时使用的ATC频率上发布警告，还应尽可能采取以下行动：If unlawful interference is serious, pilots unable to receive ATC clearance and is forced to leave the designated air route and flight level, other than transmitting warning message on the current ATC frequency, the following actions shall be taken (unless captain has other considerations):
a. 在VHF121.5频率上发布信息；transmit message on VHF121.5;
b. 在空对空频率VHF12345上发布信息transmit message on air-ground frequcney VHF12345；
c. 利用卫星通讯或ACARS发布信息；transmit message via satellite communication or ACARS;
d. 使用高频HF（Phone Patch）发布信息；transmit message via HF （Phone Patch）;
e. 执行防止飞机相撞的一切可能的特别程序，如在IFR条件下选择2个高度层之间的高度飞行，执行RVSM程序等；Perform all possible procedures to prevent traffic conflicts. Select a flight level between two flight levels, perform RVSM procedure and etc;
f. 继续执行适用的飞行中偶然事件的特殊程序，此程序在ICAO7030----区域补充程序中建立并颁布。Continue performing the procedure, which is specified in the regional supplementary procedure;
g. 如未建立适用的区域程序，则应偏离区域IFR飞行正常使用的巡航高度，如高于FL290应偏离300米（1000英尺），如低于FL290应偏离150米（500英尺）。If applicable regional procedure is not established, pilot should select a flight level different from the regional IFR normal flight level: deviate 300m(1000ft) when higher than FL290, and 150m (500ft) for flight levels less than FL290.
（6） 通过客舱广播要求旅客在座位上座好，听从客舱乘务员的指挥，限制在客舱内的随意走动。Broadcast via PA: Passengers are to be seated, comply with cabin crew’s commands and refrain from walking in side the cabin at will.
12.12.12.6 ATC处置程序：如果机组调置了应答机编码7500，ATC将执行以下程序 ATC handling procedure: If the flight crew select 7500, ATC will performs following procedures:
（1） 向机组询问或企图证实；inquire or attemp to confirm with the flight crew;
（2） 如果机组回答证实或没有回答，ATC将 If no response from the flight crew or confirmed by the flight crew, ATC will:
a. 不再询问任何问题，进行飞行跟踪，开放所有可能需要使用的导航设施和服务；Inquire no more, track the flight, open all available navigation equipment and service;
b. 通知相邻的管制区和国家公安/安全部门，以及相关的航空公司。Notify vicinity control areas, state security/safety department, and related airline.
（3） 当空中交通管制部门知晓或确认飞机受到劫持时，在空地通讯中不应提及紧急的状况，除非原先与涉及飞机的通讯中已提及并且不会使情况恶化。When ATC is in full awareness of a hijack, they will not mention the emergency in the air-ground communication system, unless already mentioned in the communication with the involved aircraft and the condition is not possible to deteriorate.
12.12.12.7 飞机着陆后/飞机在地面的处置程序handling procedure for aircraft after landing/on the ground
（1） 通信：飞行机组应设法向ATC或公司运行控制中心通报如下信息communication: flight crew shall attemp to notify ATC or CSN of following information:
a. 劫机者的数量；number of hijacker(s);
b. 劫机者的国籍；nationality of hijacker;
c. 劫机者的目的；the demands of hijacker;
d. 劫机者的特征（性别、服饰等）；description of the hijackers(appearance, clothing etc.)
e. 劫机者使用的语言；language spoken by the hijaker;
f. 劫机者在飞机内的位置；position of the hijacker in the aircraft;
g. 劫机者携带的武器、凶器、爆炸物品、易燃物品等；weapons,explosives,flammable items carried by hijacker;
h. 旅客人数或座位分布情况； number of passengers or seat distribution;
i. 飞机舱门开启情况；status of the cabin door; and
j. 飞机是否有损坏。whether the door is damaged.
（2） 停机坪的处置要点 parking area
a. 飞机停机时应尽可能将机尾对着开阔地带；Attempt to park the aircraft with the tail pointing to an open area;
b. 保持飞机登机门紧急滑梯预位（B737除外），以便万一紧急撤离时使用；Maintain the emergency slides in the “ARM” mode (except B737), for the possible emergency evacuation;
c. 尽量从外面打开登机门，并保持登机门在全开或全关位置；If cabin door is to be opened, it is preferable for the door to be opened from the outside. At any time, the door should be fully opened or fully closed;
d. 使用飞机电源和空调（当有条件时，最好使用地面设备）；Use the aircraft power and air contioner (use ground service equipments if preferable); and
e. 要求给旅客或机组人员提供食品和饮料；Request food and beverage for the flight crews and passengers.
（3） 请劫机者与机场当局直接谈判，如果机组人员被迫在机场当局和劫机者之间充当联系人，不要代表个人回答问题或做出任何行动建议。Request the hijacker to negotiate directly with the airport authority. If a flight crew is forced to relay talks between the hijacker and the airport authority, the flight crew should have airport experts handle the situation and refrain from making any suggestions.
（4） 境外降落 landing in a foreign country
a. 要求有关国家和人员按照国际民航组织公约原则处置劫机事件；Request the involved country and personnel to handle the hijacking in accordance with ICAO convention;
b. 要求相关机场当局给以必要的协助，保证机上旅客、机组和飞机安全；Request the assistance of the involved airport authority, and ensure the safety of the aircraft and all persons on board;
c. 要求相关人员提供飞机技术援助，能够使飞机继续执行飞行任务；Request the related personnel to provide technical assistance, to ensure the continuation of the flight; and
d. 与当地我国使领馆联系，获取指导和帮助。Contact local ambassy and consulate. Request guidance and help.
12.12.12.8 相关的国际民航组织公约：详见本手册8.27《制止机上犯罪和非法干扰行为的国际公约》For related ICAO convention; refer to chapter 8.28 “International convention on the prevention of aircraft crimes and unlawful interference”.
12.12.13 拦截 interception
12.12.13.1 概述：和平时期拦截（也称为目视识别）同备战状态下的拦截不同，下面所述的拦截方式是和平时期拦截飞机时飞行员使用的典型方式；General: Peacetime interception (a.k.a. visual identification) is different from interception during war period. The following interception is the typical method used in peacetime for pilots:
12.12.13.2 拦截阶段:interception phase:
（1） 第一阶段:接近阶段：一般说来，会有两架拦截飞机从尾部接近被拦截飞机，然后长机和僚机编成横队。The first phase is the approach phase: generally, there are two intercepting airplanes closing in from the tail. The lead-plane and the wing-plane are side by side.
（2） 第二阶段:识别阶段：在能见气候条件下,被拦截飞机应该能看见长机和/或僚机。当长机接近不明身份飞机时，僚机担负监视任务。这一阶段被拦截飞机应保持稳定速度平直飞行，以便长机接近并获取所需信息。Second phase is the identification phase: If visual, the intercepted plane should see lead-plane and/or wing-plane. When the lead plane is approaching the intercepted plane, the wingman is monitoring. At this phase, the intercepted airplane shall maintain a constant speed and direction, thereby allowing for an easier interception and the intercept pilot can acquire information easier.
（3） 第三阶段:拦截后阶段：识别阶段完成后，长机将会离开被拦截飞机。僚机将保持一定距离并重新跟随长机。The third phase is the completion of interception phase: The lead plane will leave the intercepted airplane after the completion of the identification phase. The wing-plane will follow the lead-plane again at certain distance.
12.12.13.3 被拦截飞机的程序：Action by intercepted aircraft
（1） 被拦截飞机应立即采取以下行动：An aircraft which is intercepted by another aircraft shall immediately:
a. 按照拦截飞机给出的指示，判断并对目视信号做出反应；Follow the instructions given by the intercepting aircraft, interpret and responding to visual signals;
b. 如有可能，通过无线电台在紧急频率121.5MHz上与拦截飞机进行通话，并告知自己飞机标识、航线和飞行性质；If possible, attemp to establish radiocommunication with the intecepting aircraft on the emergency frequency 121.5MHz, giving the identity of the intercepted aircraft, route and the nature of the flight; and
c. 在应答机上选择7700。如空中交通管制部门另有指令应遵照执行。如果被拦截飞机从其它来源收到的任何信息与拦截飞机给出的目视信息或无线电信号不一致，被拦截飞机应在执行拦截飞机给出指令的同时要求证实。Select 7700 on the transponder, unless otherwise instructed by the appropriate air traffic services unit. If any instructions received by radio from any sources conflict with those given by the intercepting aircraft by visual signal, the intecepted aircraft shall request immediate clarification while continuing to comply with the visual instructions given by the intercepting aircraft.
（2）
拦截飞机发出的拦截信号：
signals initiated by intercepting aircraft
|
拦截飞机信号 intercepting aircraft signals |
含义 meaning |
被拦截飞机回答intercepted aircraft responds |
含义 meaning |
|
昼间:在被拦截飞机左前方稍高一点的位置晃动机翼，在得到回答之后，下降到被拦截飞机高度之下，从左边飞离。 夜间:同上；另外还要不规则地闪亮航行灯。 注:若由于受气象条件或地形的原因，拦截飞机可能要在右前方稍高一点位置，完毕后向右转弯飞离。或被拦截飞机跟不上拦截飞机时，拦截飞机会作一系列长方形的等待航线。Daytime: Rocking wings from a position slightly above and ahead of, and normally to the left of the intercepted aircraft, after established communication, it descends below the intercepted aircraft, it leaves from the left. Night; same as the daytime, also, flash the navigation lights at irregular intervals. Note: due to meteorological conditions or terrain. The intercepting aircraft may be ahead of, to the right of the intercepted aircraft and leave by right turn upon completion. If the intercepted aircraft is not able to keep pace with the intercepting aircraft, the interceptor will fly a series of racetrack patterns. |
你被拦截,跟我来 you have been intercepted, follow me |
昼间:晃机翼，跟随拦截飞机。 夜间:同上；并不规则地闪动航行灯。 Day or night: rock wings, flash navigation lights at irregular intervals and follow.
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明白，照办 understood, will comply |
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昼间或夜间:快速离开被拦截飞机，向上爬升转向90度或更大而不跨过被拦截飞机的飞行路线。Day or Night-An abrupt breakaway manuever from the intercepted aircraft consisting of a climbing turn of 90 degrees or more without crossing the line of flight of the intercepted aircraft |
你可以走了 you may proceed |
昼间或夜间:晃动机翼。 Day or night-rocking the aircraft |
明白 understood, will comply |
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昼间:围绕机场盘旋、放下起落架并沿降落方向在跑道上空飞行；如果被拦截飞机是直升机，则飞过直升机降落区。 夜间:同上；另外还要保持着陆灯常亮。 Day: lowering landing gear and overflying runway in use or , if the intercepted aircraft is a helicopter, make a landing approach, come to hover near to the landing area. Night: the same as above,also, showing steady landing lights |
在此机场降落 land at this aerodrome. |
昼间:放下起落架，跟着拦截飞机，在盘旋之后，如果跑道降落是安全的，则可直接降落。 夜间:同上；另外还要打开着陆灯。 Day:lower landing gear, and followthe intercepting aircraft and, if, after overflying the runway in use/ landing area, landing is considered safe, proceed to land Night: same as above, also, show steady landing lights |
明白，照办 understood,will comply. |
（3）
被拦截飞机发出的信号：
Signals initiated by intercepted aircraft
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被拦截飞机发出的信号intercepted aircraft signals |
含义meaning |
拦截飞机的回答intercepting aircraft responds |
含义meaning |
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昼间:在机场上空高于300米（1000英尺）但低于600米（2000英尺）的高度飞过降落跑道并收起落架，然后继续在机场上空盘旋。 夜间:在机场上空300米（1000英尺）到600米（2000英尺）的高度飞过降落跑道并闪动着陆灯。然后继续在机场上空盘旋。 Daytime: raising landing gear while passing over runway in use at a height exceeding 300m(1000ft) but not exceeding 600m(2000ft) above the aerodrome level and continuing to circle runway in use. Night: flashing landing lights while passing over runway in use at a height exceeding 300m(1000ft) but not exceeding 600m(2000ft) above the aerodrome level and continuing to circle runway in use.
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你指定的机场不能用 Aerodrome you have designated is inadequate |
昼间或夜间:如果需要被拦截飞机到备降机场，那么拦截飞机收起起落架，并使用前面所述拦截飞机信号。Day or Night: If it is desired that the intercepted aircraft follow the intercepting aircraft to an alternate aerodrome,the intercepting aircraft raises its landing gear and uses the signals prescribed for intercepting aircraft. |
明白、跟我来 understood, follow me.
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如果决定释放被拦截飞机，拦截飞机应使用相应的信号。If it is decided to release the intercepted aircraft, the intercepting aircraft uses the corresponding signals |
明白，你可以走了understood, you may proceed |
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昼间或夜间:规则闪烁可以使用的灯光。Day or night: flashing all available light regularly. |
不能遵从 can not comply |
昼间或夜间:使用前面所述拦截飞机信号。Day or night: use signals prescribed for intercepting aircraft |
明白 undrstood |
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昼间或夜间:不定期闪烁所有使用的灯。Day or night: irregular flashing of all available lights. |
遇险求救 in distress |
昼间或夜间:使用前面所述的拦截信号。Day or night: use signals prescribed for intercepting aircraft |
明白 understood |
（4） 拦截飞机使用的用语：Phrases for use by intercepting aircraft
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用语phrase |
发音pronunciation |
含义meaning |
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FOLLOW |
FOL-LO |
跟我来 Follow me |
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DESCEND |
DEE-SEND |
下降以便着陆 Descend for landing |
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YOU LAND |
YOU-LAAND |
在此机场着陆 Land at this aerodrome |
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PROCEED |
PRO-SEED |
你可以前进 You may proceed |
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CALL SIGN |
KOL SAI-IN |
你的呼号是什么？What is your call sign? |
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注：下划横线表示重读音节。Note: syllables to be emphasized are underlined. |
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（5） 被拦截飞机使用用语:Interception phraseology
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用语 phrase |
发音pronunciation |
含义meaning |
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WILCO |
VILL-KO |
明白，照办understand,will comply |
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REPEAT |
REE-PEET |
重复你的指令repeat your instruction |
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AM LOST |
AM-LOSST |
位置不明position unknown |
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MAYDAY |
MAYDAY |
我在遇险中I am in distress |
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HIJACK |
HI-JACK |
我已被劫持I have been hijacked |
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LAND（地名）(place name) |
LAAND（地名）(place name) |
要求在（地名）着陆I request to land at (place name) |
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DESCEND |
DEE SEND |
我要求下降I require to descend |
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CALL SIGN |
KOL SA-IN |
我的呼号是（呼号）My call sign is(call sign) |
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CAN NOT |
KANN NOTT |
不能照办unable to comply |
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注：下划线表示重读音节。Note:syllables to be emphasized are underlined |
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12.12.14 空中放油Fuel dumping
12.12.14.1 空中放油是为了减轻飞机重量以改善飞行性能或避免超重着陆，其操作程序应按照相应的飞机操作手册/QRH执行。机长决定放油时应立即报告ATC，并飞往指定的区域进行放油；The purpose of fuel dumping is to improve the perfomance by lowering the weight of the aircraft, or to avoid overweight landing. Related procedure on AFM/QRH shall be followed. Captain shall notify ATC immediately when decision of fuel dumping is made and fly to dedicated area for fuel dumping;
12.12.14.2 ATC将每隔3分钟广播一次放油信息：“所有飞机注意XXX在XXX位置放油”；ATC will broadcast every 3 minutes: “attention all aircraft, fuel dumping in progress over XXX by XXX (position);
12.12.14.3 机组在空中收听关于其它飞机的广播后，不按IFR或特殊VFR飞行的飞机应脱离通告的区域，按照IFR和特殊VFR飞行的飞机将由ATC提供规定的间隔；Upon receipt of such broadcast, IFR or special VFR aircrafts should clear the area specified in the advisory. Aircraft on IFR flight plans or special VFR clearances will be provided specific separation;
12.12.14.4 如果没有指定区域，机组应选择无人居住的区域（大海或荒地等）上空进行放油，应远离人群、家畜、居住区、森林等；If there is no designated area, flight crew shall select unpopulated area (sea or wilderness) which is far away from people, livestock, residential area, forest and etc, for fuel dumping;
12.12.14.5 通常情况下机组应将尽可能减少放油的数量。如遇飞机的主要系统（襟缝翼、起落架等）失效，需要最大限度地减轻着陆重量时，机长应根据当时的飞行环境综合考虑，留足后续飞行所需要的燃油量；Normally, flight crew should minimize the fuel dumped. If major systems (slats/flaps, landing gear) have failed, and the decrease of landing weight at the greatest extent is necessary, the captain shall base his decision on operational environment;
12.12.14.6 开始放油之前和完成放油之后，机长应报告ATC和公司运行控制部门（如有可能）,以便ATC应通报其他飞机。若机长认为超重落地与放油减重着陆同样安全，则可以考虑超重落地而无须放油。Before and after fuel dumping, the captain shall notify ATC and SOC (if possible), in order for the information to be relayed to other aircrafts. If the captain considers overweight landing is as safe as fuel dumping, it is preferable to land overweight rather than dump the fuel.
12.12.15 超重着陆Overweight Landings
12.12.15.1 超出飞机使用手册所规定的最大着陆重量限制值的着陆被定义为是超重着陆；Any landing made with a weight greater than the maximum landing weight is considered an overweight landing;
12.12.15.2 超重着陆的概念不同于超过跑道长度限制重量的着陆和超过复飞爬升限制重量的着陆，后两种在某些情况下可能小于飞机的最大结构着陆重量。超过跑道长度限制重量着陆和超过复飞爬升限制重量着陆会降低着陆安全裕度，只能在紧急情况下尝试，或按照经局方批准的特殊程序操作；Runway length limitation weight and missed approach climb limitation weight are different from overweight landing. These weights may be less than the maximum structure landing weight. Landing at weight greater than runway length limitation weight and missed approach climb limitation weight will decrease landing safety margin, and can only be attempted in emergency, or follow the specific procedure approved by CAAC;
12.12.15.3 只有在证实了飞机的重量低于跑道长度限制着陆重量和复飞爬升限制着陆重量之后，且同时满足以下条件的情况下才可以超重着陆：Overweight landing can only be attempted when it is confirmed that the aircraft weight is less than runway length limitation weight and missed approach climb limitation weight, and the following requirements shall be met:
（1） 出于某种特殊原因，尽快着陆有助于缓解对安全造成的威胁或影响；Land as soon as possible is in the best intrest of safety;
（2） 因故障或失效使飞机不适航或不能继续按计划飞行；Any malfunction or failure occurs that renders the aircraft unairworthy or unable to continue the flight;
（3） 乘客或机组成员患有危及生命的重病，需要立即就治；Serious illness of a passenger or crewmember that would require immediate medical attention; or
（4） 其它紧急情况。other emergency conditions.
12.12.15.4 各机型的取证演示都要求飞机必须能在最大允许着陆重量下承受600FPM的接地垂直速率，在结构没有受损时，在最大允许起飞重量下承受360FPM的垂直速率；因此，通常接地时200－300FPM的下降速率不会造成飞机结构的损坏，但机组必须按照相应飞机操作手册/QRH规定的程序操作。Aircraft certification demonstrations use, and must withstand, a touchdown vertical rate of 600FPM at maximum allowable landing weight, and 360FPM at maximum certified takeoff weight without imposing structural damage; Therefore, a normal touchdown of 200-300FPM should impose no structural problems, but flight crew shall strictly follow the relevant procedures prescribed in the COM/QRH.
12.12.15.5 当飞机需要超重着陆时，飞行机组还应完成以下工作：Whenever an overweight landing is necessary, the following is required:
（1） 向ATC和公司运行控制部门报告，获取技术支援；Notify ATC and SOC, to acquire technical support;
（2） 记录实际的着陆重量和接地时的下降率以及操纵时的不正常感觉，着陆后填入维修记录本；A logbook entry must be made stating actual landing weight and sink rate at touchdown, pilots comments regarding the landing;
（3） 飞机超重着陆之后，机长应就此情况提交书面报告；The captain shall submit a written Air Safety Report; and
（4） 飞行签派员应写出事件报告，并档备存查。The dispatcher shall submit a report which shall be filed for later consultation.
12.12.15.6 如数据(QAR/FDR)显示该次超重着陆的接地撞击超过2.OG,该飞机再次起飞前维修人员必须对飞机结构进行受力检查,否则不得放行。如接地的撞击负荷在正常范围,维修人员对外部完成一般性安全检查后即可放行飞机；If the data (QAR/FDR) indicates the overweight landing load factor is over 2.0G, the maintanence shall check the structural strength prior to the next takeoff, otherwise the aircraft shall not be released. If the impacting load factor is within the normal limitation, the aircraft can be released upon the completion of an exterior normal inspection;
（1） 使用最大起飞结构限制重量着陆时,过载限制2.OG等于接地撞击的垂直速率360英尺/分(接地时垂直速率大于360英尺/分时,垂直过载将超过2.OG)。If landing with MTOW, load factor of 2.0G is expected with a 360feet/m descent rate (If vertical rate is over 360feet/m, load factor will be over 2.0G).
（2） 使用最大着陆结构限制重量着陆时,过载限制2.OG等于接地撞击的垂直速率600英尺/分(接地时垂直速率大于600英尺/分时,垂直过载将超过2.OG)。If landing with MLW, load factor of 2.0G is expected with a 600feet/m vertical rate at impact. (If vertical rate is over 600feet/m at touchdown, load factor will over 2.0G).
（3） 光洁状态下的最大允许过载限制为2.5G。The maximum allowable load factor under clean configuration is 2.5G.
12.12.16 炸弹或蓄意破坏行为威胁：在本节中叙述的飞机在各运行阶段处置“飞机上有炸弹”的基本程序，适用于公司所有公共运输飞行的机型。如有的机型操作手册已经包含了“飞机上有炸弹”应急程序，机组在空中处置爆炸物时首先应按照机型操作手册中的程序执行，同时将基本程序中的处理原则和航空保卫手册《防劫机炸机处置预案》的有关条款作为补充和参考。本章还附有《飞机上有炸弹应急程序检查单（驾驶舱）》、《机上有炸弹应急检查单（客舱）》和《公司爆炸物搜查检查单》，供机组参照执行。地面各保障部门处置“飞机上有炸弹”时应按照公司《紧急反应手册》中相应的程序操作；Bomb or Sabotage Threat: This section describes the “bomb on board” procedures for each flight phase, applicable to all CSN aircrafts. If “bomb on board” procedure is also included in the operation manual of certain type of aircraft, follow the procedures in the operation manual. Use the following procedures as reference: handling principle; basic procedure; articles in the “anti-hijacking handling program” of “aviation security manual”. This section is attached with: “bomb on board emergency procedure checklist (cockpit)”, “bomb on board emergency checklist (cabin)” and “CSN bomb searching checklist”, which are used for flight crew reference. Ground handling department shall follow the relevent procedures of CSN “emergency response manual”;
12.12.16.1 飞机停留在地面时受到威胁 Threat received when aircraft is on the ground:
（1） 公司任何部门的职员如果得到有炸弹或蓄意破坏行为威胁某次航班的信息，都有责任立即通过各种方式（电话、电传或信件等）向公司安全保卫部门或有关运行控制部门报告；It is the responsibility of all CSN persons, who received the information about the threat on certain flight, to notify the security department or related operation department by all means (by telephone, fax or mail, etc);
（2） 公司运行各有关部门值班人员均应认真对待有关炸弹或蓄意破坏行为威胁的报告，尽可能记录详细信息，并立即向公司负责运行的值班经理报告；ALL CSN personnel on duty shall treat bomb or satotage threats seriously, make detailed note, and notify CSN operation manager on duty immediately;
（3） 公司负责运行的值班经理接到报告后，应按照公司应急反应处理程序立即通知该次航班的机长；同时通知机场当局安全保卫负责人、航空管制指挥塔台和公司保卫部、航空安全监察部；Upon receiving the report, the operation manager on duty shall comply with the CSN emergency response handling procedure, notify the captain of the flight, and notify the safety and security authorities, ATC and CSN security departments, flight safety inspection department;
（4） 机长收到信息后应与ATC联络，必要时应立即将受爆炸威胁的飞机移到合适的安全停机位置（远离其他飞机和加油区域，距建筑物至少30米）。通知乘务长组织旅客尽快下飞机，并说明注意事项（带齐手提行李，使用哪个舱门等）；Upon receiving the report, the captain shall contact ATC, and move the aircraft to a suitable and safe parking place (away from other aircrafts and refueling areas, and park at least 30m away from the buildings), brief the chief purser on the methods of evacuation and the precautions (such as not taking carry-on bags and personal belongings, and which exit to be used for evacuation);
（5） 如果收到信息时飞机舱门已经关闭，机长应与地面联络，要求足够数量的客梯车迅速到位，以便尽快撤离机上的全部旅客和机组人员并转移到安全区域。如果当地无法及时提供客梯车，应组织紧急撤离；If the information is received after the door is closed, the captain shall contact ground, request sufficient passenger stairs for quick evacuation of the persons on board thereafter, transferred to a safe area. If the passenger stairs cannot arrive in time, the captain shall perform emergency evacuation procedure;
（6） 地面保障部门应卸下机上的全部货物及行李并按照指定的路线运送到指定地点，然后由机场公安和公司安全保卫人员组成的炸弹搜寻处理小组对卸下的货物、行李和旅客手提行李进行彻底清查，并对飞机进行全面检查和搜寻；All cargo and luggages shall be unloaded and transported to the designated place via designated route by ground handling department, and the bomb search team (composed by airport security and CSN safety security personnel). They shall make a complete check of all cargo, luggages, carry-on bag, belongings and the airplane;
（7） 排除爆炸物威胁之后，地面保障部门应根据公司运行控制部门发布的指令（继续飞行、换飞机、等待、取消飞行等）安排好旅客、行李和货物；After the elimination of the bomb threat, ground handling department shall arrange the passengers, luggage and cargo under the order of SOC (continue flight, change airplanes, delay or cancel the flight);
（8） 机组成员应协助炸弹搜寻处理小组的工作；Flight crews shall assist the bomb search and handling team;
（9） 紧急报告的电话号码：telephone numbers for emergency report:
a. 公司运行控制中心值班电话：（020）86127377、86127381、86127501 CSN SOC telephone number: （020）86127377、86127381、86127501
b. 公司总值班经理手机：13902403596 （020）86130396 telephone General Duty Manager: 13902403596 (020) 86130396
c. 公司航空安全监察部：CSN flight safety inspection department（020）86123443 （020）86123437
d. 公司保卫部：CSN security department（020）86124807
（10） 当飞机停留在地面时，处理危及安全的程序可能会由于地方当局的指令和当时的具体情况而有所不同。机组成员应与公安保卫人员配合，处理炸弹搜寻事项，并尽最大可能减少人员意外伤亡；When the aircraft is on the ground, safety procedure varies with the order of authority and different conditions. Flight crews shall assist the security personnel in handling the bomb search, and try every effort to minimize the inadvertent death and injury of the persons;
（11） 在排除爆炸物威胁之前，机组和旅客不准重新登机。Before the elimination of the explosive threat, flight crews and passengers are not allowed to reembark the aircraft.
12.12.16.2 飞机停留在地面时受到来自机上人员的威胁：如果机上一名旅客或易于接近飞机的人员声称携带了炸弹或其它易爆物品时，机组成员应采取以下行动：When the airplane is on the ground, if a passenger onboard or close to the aircraft claims that he is carrying a bomb or other explosives, flight crew shall take following actions:
（1） 最早得知信息的机组人员应询问或确认其真实用意，并立即向机长报告，如果是机长最先得知信息，应指定机组其它成员立即向有关部门报告；The first person who receives the information shall inqure or confirm the suspect’s true intention, and notify the captain immediately. If the captain is the first person to receive the information, he shall designate another crew to alert the related deparments;
（2） 飞行机组成员应立即向（ATC）报告，要求公安保卫人员登机，同时应将此情况向公司运行控制部门报告；Flight crews shall alert ATC immediately, request the security personnel to embark the aircraft, and alert SOC;
（3） 如果可能，机组安全保卫人员立即或协同地面公安保卫人员将该威胁者及携带的行李撤离飞机；If possible, security on board shall, or shall assist ground security to, move the suspect and his luggage off the aircraft;
（4） 如果发动机已启动或已准备起飞，飞行机组应与ATC联系，将飞机滑行到合适安全停机位置（远离其他飞机加油区域,距建筑物至少30米），机组安全保卫人员应协同地面公安保卫人员将该威胁者和携带的行李撤离飞机；If the engine is running or the aircraft is ready for takeoff, flight crew shall contact ATC, taxi to and park at a safe and suitable place,( a remote place from aircrafts, fuel vehicles/stations, and at least 30m from the buildings), security on board shall assist the ground security personnel to move the suspect and his luggage off the aircraft;
（5） 如无法确定该名威胁者是否遗留有其他行李和物品，机长应通知地面保障部门组织下客，将旅客携带的所有手提行李撤离飞机，并将旅客引导到安全区域，由机场公安保卫人员和公司航空安全保卫人员组成的炸弹搜寻处置小组对飞机客舱进行全面检查；If it is undetermined whether the suspect has placed any items on board, the captain shall notify ground handling department to organize the passengers to deplane and all passengers belongings and personal items shall be taken off the aircraft, thereafter, the passengers shall be taken to a safe area, the bomb search team will make a full and complete check of the aircraft;
（6） 对于遗留在客舱无人认领的行李或可疑物品，由炸弹搜寻处置小组成员进行检查和处置，机组或其它人员决不要轻易翻动或触摸；The unclaimed luggage or items in doubt shall be checked and treated by the bomb search team members; flight crews or other persons shall not approach;
（7） 进行炸弹或蓄意破坏行为威胁的人，无论其真实用意或动机如何，均应按照中华人民共和国的有关法律进行处置；The judicial system and relevant laws of PRC will deal with the person, who has made the bomb or sabotage threat, regardless of its truthfulness;
（8） 公司值班经理应及时组织公司运行控制中心和地面保障部门处理飞机延误及旅客安置事宜；CSN manager on duty shall coordinate with SOC and ground handling department in flight delay and arrangement of the passengers.
12.12.16.3 飞机在飞行中受到炸弹威胁或蓄意破坏威胁：Bomb or sabotage threat received in flight:
（1） 飞机在飞行中时，如果在飞机上发现有爆炸装置，或者怀疑飞机上有爆炸装置或被告知飞机上有爆炸装置，均应按照飞行中受到炸弹威胁或蓄意破坏威胁的处置程序执行。During flight, if a bomb is discovered, a bomb is suspected on board, a bomb is declared by a suspect, follow the bomb or sabotage threat procedures.
（2） 无论是机组乘务人员、航空安全保卫人员或者是地面ATC/公司签派人员，只要发现炸弹威胁或蓄意破坏威胁情况或获取到此类信息，应立即报告机长，尽量详细报告炸弹威胁的性质、炸弹的类型、如炸弹停留的位置、外观、大小及引爆装置机构等信息，以便机长能正确地作出决定。No matter who discovered the bomb or sabotage threat, he/she shall notify the captain immediately, try every effort to make detailed description of the bomb, such as type, nature, appearance, size, and position of the bomb, to assist the captain in his decisions.
（3） 机长获取有关报告后，无需证实情况真伪，应执行如下推荐程序：Upon receiving the report, captain shall perform the following recommanded procedure without confirmation:
a. 向ATC和公司运行控制部门报告；Upon receiving the report, the captain shall perform the following procedure: notify ATC and SOC;
b. 宣布紧急状态，调整应答机编码至“7700”；Declear emergency, set transponder to 7700;
c. 立即紧急返航着陆，或改航到最近机场备降，同时考虑以下因素：Return to base immediately, or divert to the nearest airport,and take the following considerations in to account:
（a） 炸弹危险的真实性；Truthfullness of the bomb threat;
（b） 飞行时间；enroute time; and
（c） 地面保障能力（防爆专家和紧急设备）。Available ground service (explosives detection expert and emergency equipment)
d. 打开“禁止吸烟”和“系好安全带”告示灯；Turn on “NO SMOKING” and “FASTEN SEAT BELT” signs;
e. 向公司运行控制部门通报预达时间、预计到达的剩余油量、飞机上是否装载危险物品等信息；Notify SOC of ETA, estimated fuel remaining on arrival, any dangerous goods on board the aircraft, etc;
f. 证实飞机着陆后的停机位和客梯车已准备好；Confirm from airport on where the aircraft should be parked after landing and whether mobile stairs will be available.
g. 确定乘客离机的方法和程序、乘客离机的引导以及乘客随身携带行李物品的处理，并与乘务组充分协调，做好准备工作；Determine the method of deplaning and the procedure for the passengers and carry-on baggages. Coordination with cabin crew for the preparation;
h. 计划使用的客梯车以及是否使用紧急撤离程序：除执行紧急撤离程序外，乘客应携带个人行李物品下飞机；Plan on using mobile stairs or integral stairs unless circumstances indicate an emergency evacuation is necessary; and
i. 在指定的停机位停机；Park the aircraft at the designated place;
（4） 如果在15-20分钟内不可能着陆并撤离飞机，应执行“飞机上有炸弹”的应急程序。应急程序不可能包含所有情况和细节，只假定未发现炸弹、发现炸弹、炸弹爆炸或炸弹未发生爆炸等基本情况进行处置。If landing and evacuation cannot be made within 15-20minutes, “bomb on board” emergency procedure shall be performed. Not all the scenarios are portrayed in the emergency procedure, the basic conditions are categorized in the basis of “bomb discovered”, “bomb not discovered”, “explosion” and “no explosion”.
（5） 飞行机组人员执行“机上有炸弹”的应急程序的注意事项：Precautions for performing “bomb on board” emergency procedure:
a. 炸弹的搜寻工作由乘务长和航空安全保卫人员组织乘务组进行，必要时，机长可以指定空勤机械员或另一名副驾驶参与炸弹搜寻工作，但必须保证有2名驾驶员在操纵座位上；Bomb search is performed by cabin crew under the organization of the purser and security on board. If necessary, the captain may designate the flight engineer or first officer to participate in the bomb search, however, 2 flight crews shall control the aircraft;
b. 为了避免引爆高度感应式炸弹，应保持座舱高度不超过发现炸弹时的座舱高度，即保持当前座舱高度；To avoid triggering the possible altitude sensitive bomb, the cabin altitude shall NOT be above the altitude which the emergency condition is first discovered or maintain present cabin altitude;
c. 为了减小爆炸后对飞机的损坏程度，飞机应立即下降到航线最低安全高度（MEA）或者可以使飞机释压的高度上飞行；The aircraft shall descend to MEA or the altitude which can depressurize the aircraft to minimize the damage of the aircraft after explosion;
d. 在飞机下降过程中，应人工控制增压，在保持当前座舱高度的情况下达到并尽量保持零压差（如设置座舱高度保持8000英尺应将飞机下降至8000英尺），保持零压差可以将爆炸的破坏力降至最低；但如果地形不允许，为了减小爆炸的破坏性，也应尽可能长时间地保持大约1 PSI或小于1PSI的压差飞行。1PSI的压差相当于飞机实际高度高于当时飞机的座舱高度2500英尺；Manually adjust altitude to attain zero differential while maintaining the existing cabin altitude as long as possible (e.g.set and maintain the cabin altitude to 8,000 feet and decend to 8,000 feet). Attaining zero differential is essential to minimize the effects of an explosion; If unable to maintain zero differential (due to terrain), maintain 1 PSI or less than 1 PSI differential as long as possible to minimize the damage of the explosion. 1 PSI indicates the actual altitude is 2500 feet higher than the cabin altitude of an aircraft.
e. 为了避免引爆敏感式炸弹，飞行应避免粗猛的操纵动作和大于30度坡度的机动飞行；To avoid triggering any possible bomb sensitive to vibration or force, abrupt manoeuvres and over 30 degrees bank angle should be avoided;
f. 为了缩短时间尽快着陆，应尽可能简化进近程序直接着陆；Approach procedure shall be simplified and straight-in approach should be made as soon as practicable;
g. 为了防止因爆炸而影响起落架和缝翼/襟翼放出，可以在燃油量许可的情况下提前放出起落架和部分缝翼/襟翼（至少应放出缝翼），进入最后着陆阶段之前放出着陆襟翼；If fuel permits, landing gear and partial slats/flaps (at least slats) shall be extended in advance in case the possible bomb explosion causes such parts to malfunction. The landing flaps should be lowered prior to the final approach;
h. 保持与ATC和公司运行控制部门的联络，通报飞行情况，并随时了解客舱处置情况，必要时进行对客舱广播；Keep ATC and SOC advised of the flight process, be aware of the cabin condition, make announcements via the PA if necessary;
i. 做好紧急撤离和其他应急情况的准备；Prepare for emergency evacuation and other applicable emergency event;
j. 严格按照“飞机上有炸弹”的应急程序执行。Strictly perform the “bomb on board” emergency procedures.
（6） 飞行乘务组执行“飞机上有炸弹”的应急程序的注意事项：Precautions for performing “bomb on board” procedure.
a. 应确定最低风险爆炸区的位置；Determine the least risk bomb location (LRBL);
b. 由于最低风险爆炸区仅能提供最低限度的爆炸保护，因此，必须尽量让旅客远离该区，在开始转移之前，乘务组应向驾驶舱报告,以便驾驶员在操纵上有所准备；Passengers shall be away from the LRBL. Before moving the passengers, the cabin crew shall notify the cockpit for preparation in the cockpit;
c. 按照炸弹搜寻检查单进行检查。要求乘务长和航空保卫人员带领的检查人员以及机长指定的人员执行；Search the bomb in accordance with the bomb search checklist. The check shall be performed by persons designated by the captain and carried out under the leadership of purser and security on board;
d. 发现可疑物品或爆炸装置，应将其固定，防止滑动，避免震动。有些爆炸装置有防提升装置或手柄，在未进行检查有无防提升装置之前不要移动。检查时可尝试用一根细绳或硬卡片在炸弹底部穿过，如果绳子或卡片可以从炸弹底部轻易穿过，则证明炸弹可以被移动，如果绳子或卡片无法从炸弹底部轻易穿过，除非炸弹放置的地方（如座椅）可以与炸弹一起移动，否则不可移动炸弹；如果炸弹可以移动，应将其移到最低炸弹风险位置（LRBL）；The doubtful or explosive items shall be secured and fastened to avoid movement and vibration. Some bombs are triggered when lifted or moved. Check the bomb for anti-lift features by attempting to slide a piece of string or a stiff card under the bomb without disturbing it. If the string or card slips easily under the bomb, it can be moved. If the string or card does not slip easily under the bomb, the bomb shall not be moved unless its resting surface (such as a seat cushion) can be moved along with the bomb. Do not move the bomb without checking;
e. 适时进行客舱广播，或请求机长进行客舱广播。广播应使用专业术语以免造成旅客恐慌；Make PA in appropriate time, or request the captain to make the PA. Technical terms should be used in the broadcast to prevent panic of passengers;
f. 机长可以决定或授权机上航空保卫人员将旅客装有非金属或未装有有价证券的固体手提行李作为减弱爆炸威力的缓冲物。可以将旅客使用的座垫、书报杂志、毛毯作为缓冲物；The captain or air guards on board (authorized by the captain) may decide to use passenger solid suitcases (containing soft and non flammable materials is preferred) as dampers for the explosion. Passengers’ cushions, magzines and blankets can also be used to soften the blast;
g. 关闭最低风险爆炸区的不必要电源（如厨房电源）；Disconnect the nonessential power to the LRBL (such as galley power);
h. 对爆炸装置在最低风险爆炸区域进行保护性处理时，一定要设法使爆炸装置固定，并紧靠最低风险爆炸区域中心位置（如后服务门，紧靠后服务门内壁的中部）；When handling the bomb in LRBL, the bomb shall be fastened, and near the center position of LRBL (such as rear service door, or the area close to middle of the rear service door inside wall);
i. 如果对爆炸物或爆炸装置的构造不了解，不要试图拆解或搬弄爆炸物；If no person understands the structure of the bomb, do not attempt to disassemble or move it;
j. 将爆炸物移动到最低风险爆炸区时，应严格按照乘务员“飞机上有炸弹”的应急程序执行。Perform the “bomb on board” procedure strictly when moving the bomb to the LRBL.
12.12.16.4 客机最小风险爆炸位置（LRBL）：Least Risk Bomb Location (LRBL):
（1） 最低风险爆炸区是指机上发生爆炸时对飞机破坏最小的特定区域；LRBL is the specific area on board where the bomb damage is the least;
（2） 根据权威部门提供的资料，我公司各型飞机上最低风险爆炸位置如下：The least risk locations of CSN aircrafts:
|
机型type of aircraft |
机上最低风险爆炸位置the Least Risk Bomb Location |
|
A319/320 |
2R门：右后舱门（Right aft cabin door） |
|
A321 |
4R门：右后舱门（Right aft cabin door） |
|
A300-600R |
4R门：右后服务门(Right rear service door) |
|
B737-300/500 |
2R门: 右后服务门(Right rear service door) |
|
B737-700/800 |
2R门: 右后服务门(Right rear service door) |
|
B757-200 |
4R门：右后服务门(Right rear service door) |
|
B777-200 |
4R门：右后舱门（Right rear cabin door） |
|
MD-82 |
释压后将爆炸物放在尾锥里抛出 jettisoned from the tailcone after cabin depressurization |
|
MD-90 |
释压后将爆炸物放在尾锥里抛出jettisoned from the tailcone after cabin depressurization |
|
ATR-72R |
右后服务门(Right rear service door) |
（3） 注：位于右后门的最低风险爆炸位置在滑梯箱上部。Note: the LRBL of right rear door is on the top of the staircase.
12.12.16.5 地面检查程序：Ground inspection procedure:
（1） 无论何种情况（地面或空中）受到炸弹威胁，撤离飞机后的旅客后均应按照公安或公司保卫部门的要求执行地面检查程序；If a bomb threat is received (ground or in flight), ground ispection procedures shall be performed as per the requirement of security or CSN security department;
（2） 要求的地面检查程序通常包含以下内容：Ground inspection procedure includes the following:
a. 机场公安人员和/或公司航空保卫人员对飞机、货物、行李和旅客进行分别检查；Airport police and/or CSN security personnel shall check the aircraft, cargo, baggages and passengers respectively;
b. 按公司《爆炸物搜查检查单》或机场公安部门的检查方案对飞机进行检查；Perform aircraft inspections as per the CSN “explosives search checklist” or “airport security plan”;
c. 将所有货物、行李、邮件和个人物品从飞机上卸下并运到隔离的区域接受检查；Unload all cargo, baggage, mail and personal belongings from the aircraft, and transport all the above to an isolated area;
d. 由执法部门指定的人员在必要时进行开包或开箱检查；Inspect the contents of baggages or cargo when requested by law enforcement personnel;
e. 所有邮件经检查后转交当地邮局进行重新包装处理；After the inspection of mails, transfer them to the local post office to be repacked;
f. 所有行李检查后应由旅客进行认领确认；All baggages shall be claimed by passengers after inspections;
g. 所有货物进行检查后确认货主，进行重新包装处理；The confirmation of the shippers of all cargo shall be made and cargo shall be repacked after the inspection;
h. 旅客下机后应远离飞机，由公司地面保障部门派人引导到合适的处所，并要求他们暂留该处，进行个人检查,对于个别不配合检查的旅客进行警告；Passengers shall be kept away from the aircraft after they disembark, and be guideded to a suitable place by CSN ground handling department. Passengers are required to remain for individual inspections. Those who do not cooperate with the will be issued a warning;
i. 公司地面保障部门应准备好一份所有旅客的姓名及其地址的清单；CSN ground security department shall make a list of names and addresses of all passengers; and
j. 公安和/或公司安全保卫人员检查无人认领的行李或可疑物品并对，将这类物品或检查过的上锁未开包行李留检查站保存不少于24小时。Unclaimed baggage or items in doubt shall be retained by CSN safety and security no less than 24 hours.
12.12.17 挥发性液体威胁：旅客或其他人员出于劫机或其他目的，在机上使用装满挥发性燃烧液体（如汽油，酒精等）的容器威胁机组，在这种情况下机长应指挥机组成员采取以下措施 Threat from volatile liquid: An event in which the passengers or other persons, for the purpose of hijacking or threaten flight safety, produces volatile liquid (gasoline,alcohole,etc) in an aircraft, the flight crew shall take following actions:
12.12.17.1 检查“不准吸烟”信号灯接通，乘务员向旅客重申严禁烟火；Turn on the “NO SMOKING” sign, passengers shall be advised verbally;
12.12.17.2 保持驾驶门关闭，以免飞行员受到烟雾的危害。报告ATC和公司运行控制部门；Close the cockpit door to protet the cockpit from smoke. Notify ATC and SOC;
12.12.17.3 将驾驶舱内所有的通风口开到最大，并作好下降、释压和排烟准备；Increase the fresh airflow in the cockpit to maximum. Prepare for the descent, depressurization and smoke removal;
12.12.17.4 将客舱温度调至最低，以减弱易燃液体的挥发性；Decrease the cabin temperatue as low as possible so as to lessen the volatility of the liquid;
12.12.17.5 乘务员作好灭火准备；Notify all crewmembers to obtain fire extinguishers and prepare for any fire;
12.12.17.6 万一客舱起火，飞机应在立即下降高度并飞往就近的合适机场着陆。乘务组除全力灭火之外，还应作好紧急撤离旅客的准备；If fire occurs, descend immediately and land as soon as possible at a nearest airport and prepare for evacuation;
12.12.17.7 机上安全员按照公司安全保卫手册中的预案和方法，在保证飞机和旅客安全的前提下处置歹徒；Crewmembers shall apprehend the suspect with consideration that safety of the plane and passengers shall not be affected;
12.12.17.8 随时将空中的情况向ATC和公司运行控制部门报告，请求着陆后支援。Maintain full communication with ATC and SOC, advise on the flight process, request for ground assistance.
12.12.18 有毒化学物品、微生物的紧急处置方案Chemical or Biological Substance Toxins:
有毒化学物品、微生物，如芥子气、炭疽菌等可对飞机及周围环境造成污染，机组、旅客、地面人员吸入、食用或被皮肤吸收后，可能会立即或在一段时间之后中毒，甚至危及生命；Toxic Chemical and Biological substances such as mustard gas, anthrax bacteria can threaten the aircraft and surrounding environment. If inhaled, consumed or absorbed via skin,severe poinsoning may result and may be jeopardize lives;
在机上发现来历不明的可疑的物品后，机组应立即向ATC和公司运行控制部门报告。机组成员应使用机上“生化隔离包”和“危险物品处置包”对有毒化学物品、微生物或不明的可疑物品进行密封和隔离，防止渗漏和扩散；If doubtful items are found, the flight crew shall notify ATC and SOC immediately. Toxins or substance in doubt shall be sealed and isolated by “biochemical isolation bag” and “ dangerous items handling bag” to prevent leakage and spreading of the substance;
机长可根据机上人员和飞机受有毒化学物品、微生物、不明的可疑物品影响的程度，决定就近降落或继续飞行到目的地，降落前应将机上情况和需要的支援通知降落机场 It is the captain’s decision to land at the nearest airport or continue the flight according to the present condition. Prior to landing, airport authority shall be warned and requested to provide ground support.
12.12.19 紧急医疗事件Emergency Medical Incident
12.12.19.1 飞机起飞前,如发现旅客或机组成员出现严重疾病或受伤,应在地面由机场当局医务人员处置；Prior to takeoff, if passenger or flight crew is seriously ill or injured, such persons should be treated by airport health personnel;
12.12.19.2 如果机组人员或乘客在飞行过程中生病或受伤，机组人员应按照本手册8.15“机组成员或旅客医疗急救/非计划着陆”、8.16“空中死亡”的程序处置；If flight crew or passenger is ill or injured in flight, flight crew shall perform the procedures according to chapter 8.15 “Flight Crew or Passenger Medical First-aid/Unanticipated Landing”, and 8.16 “In Flight Death”;
12.12.19.3 紧急医疗事件的报告：详细的医疗事件报告程序见本手册7.19.3“飞行机组的报告和报告程序”。Medical Emergency report: for details, refer to 7.19.3 “The flight crew’s report and reporting procedures”.
12.12.20 鸟击Bird Strike
12.12.20.1 在鸟类聚集区飞行时，特别是被告知有鸟撞危险时，飞行机组应提前温习发动机失效、风挡裂纹和气压仪表失效等程序；When operating within dense bird habitats, especially when there have been reports of bird strikes, the flight crew shall bear in mind for the possibility of bird strike damage to engines, windshields, or pitot-static instruments, and review corresponding procedures;
12.12.20.2 鸟类和其他野生动物活动报告：机组如发现跑道或机场附近有鸟类和其他动物，应报告机场管理部门。对于大群飞鸟，还应报告ATC，报告内容如下 Report of birds and other wild animals movement: If birds and other animals are found on the runway or the vicinity of the airport, the flight crew shall notify airport authority. If migratory birds are found, flight crew shall notify ATC on the following items:
（1） 所在位置；position
（2） 种类；type
（3） 大致数量；approximate number
（4） 活动高度；activity altitude
（5） 活动方向。direction of movement
12.12.20.3 如飞机遇到鸟击，或者在跑道上发现飞鸟或动物尸体，应报告机场当局。If bird strike occurred, or remains are found on runway, airport authority shall be notified.
12.13 检查单 Checklist
飞机上有炸弹应急处置检查单（驾驶舱）
Bomb on Board Handling Checklist (Cockpit)
条件：以下一个或几个条件：Condition: one or more of the followings;
被告知飞机上有爆炸装置； notified of bomb on board
飞机上发现有爆炸装置；bomb discovered on board
假定飞机上的炸弹，可能为人工电动定时、化学、机械或塑胶炸弹。Bomb (manually/electronically/timer activated, chemical, mechanical or plastic explosive) is assumed to be on board.
假定飞机没有爆炸或已经爆炸飞机受损
Validity of the explosion is questionable or the aircraft is damaged due to explosion.
在地面 On ground:
- 向ATC/公司运行控制中心报告；Notify ATC/CSN SOC
- 尽快组织旅客和机组人员撤离飞机；Evacuate passengers and crews as soon as possible
- 必要时考虑紧急撤离。If necessary, conduct emergency evacuation
飞行中机长决断：In flight(the captain’s decision):
如果刚起飞不久，立即返航、着陆，着陆后滑行到安全停机位置并立即撤离飞机，如果飞机在巡航飞行并且不能在20分钟内返航着陆，要立即改航备降。指令执行驾驶舱或客舱的应急处置程序。If situation develops soon after takeoff, return and land immediatelly, taxi to a safe parking stand and evacuate immediatelly. If the aircraft is in cruise phase and cannot land within 20 minutes, divert to alternate immediately. Issues instruction to perform cockpit or cabin emergency procedure
没有发生炸弹爆炸：If no explosion:
飞机（若正在爬升）……………改平 Aircraft( if climbing)……….level off
座舱增压方式………（B737人工/直流）Cabin pressurization mode….(B737 manual/DC)
注：为防止座舱高度立即上升，避免引爆高度感应式炸弹，座舱高度不应超过炸弹威胁时的高度；Note: prevent cabin altitude from climbing and possibily trigger an altitude sensitive bomb. Cabin altitude should not be higher than the cabin altitude when the bomb threat was declared;
座舱高度…………………………保持 Cabin altitude……….maintain
注：座舱高度保持在发生炸弹威胁的数值；Note: maintain the cabin altitude at at which the bomb threat was received;
ATC………………报告（宣布紧急状态） ATC…………Notify (declare emergency)
乘务组………………………………通知 Cabin crew…….. Notify
禁烟/系好安全带灯…………………开 No smoking/Fasten seat belt……… ON
应答机………………………………7700 Transponder………….7700
备份燃油……………………………确定 Reserve fuel………..confirm
注：在座舱高度+2500英尺飞行，以进近速度飞行且起落架放下的情况下，燃油消耗是光洁状态下的2倍。Note: when flying at cabin altitude +2500ft, at approach speed with landing gear down, fuel consumption is twice of that in clean configuration.
公司签派……………………………报告CSN dispatch office……….Notify
就近合适机场………………………确定 nearest suitable airport………confirm
改航航线……………………………选择 divert route…………….Select
航线地形和障碍物…………………检查 terrain and obstacle………..Check
下降高度层…………………………选择 Descend flight level……… Select
如航线最低安全高度或最小越障高度高于发生炸弹威胁时的座舱高度+2500英尺：选择航线最低安全高度。If MSA or MOCA is 2500ft higher than bomb threat altitude, use MSA.
如航线区域地形允许下到发生炸弹威胁时的座舱高度+2500英尺，选择此高度。If terrain allows for a descent to the altitude at which the bomb threat was received +2500ft, use this altitude.
着陆机场标高……………选择（如需要）Elevation of landing airport……select(if required)
下降高度…………………………开始 Descend………..initiate
下降速度…………………250节或更小 Descent speed……….250knots or less
注：选择速度时应考虑到达时间和燃油消耗。Note; time of arrival and fuel comsuption shall be taken into account when selecting speed.
座舱压差……………………始终保持1PSI Cabin differential………Maintain 1 PSI
使用人工调节放气活门保持座舱升降率为0的方法，保持压差为1PSI Maintain 1PSI differential by manually regulating the ourflow valve to maintain 0 vertical speed.
为减少飞机在爆炸时受损伤的程度，减小爆炸的影响，同时排出烟雾；飞机应尽可能长时间地保持1PSI的座舱压差。1PSI的压差相当于飞机高度和座舱高度之间差2500英尺。这些要用人工增压来完成。如果要使飞机释压保持座舱压差为0，应保持飞行高度等于座舱高度，（如座舱高度8000英尺，飞行高度保持8000英尺）。To minimize the damage and effects of the explosion and to remove smoke, 1 PSI differential shall be maintained as long as possible. 1 PSI means there is 2500ft difference between flight altitude of the aircraft and the cabin altitude, which shall be obtained by manual pressurization. If it is desired to depressurize the aircraft and maintain 0 differential, altitude equal to cabin altitude shall be maintained.(e.g, if cabin altitude is 8000ft, flight altitude maintained shall be 8000ft).
能够在就近合适备降机场着陆：proceed to land at a nearest suitable airport
进近速度……………最小光洁机动速度 approach speed………..minimum clean manoeuvre speed
在对飞机的能力以及到最近合适机场的距离等问题进行考虑后，减速到最小光洁机动速度飞行会减少飞机的受损程度。After considering the aircraft ability and the distance to the nearest suitable airport, the damage to the aircraft will be minimized if reducing speed to minimum clean manoeuvre speed
襟/缝翼…………………………至少襟翼1/放出缝翼 Flaps/Slats………extend Flaps at least position 1/Extend Slats
着陆时按要求放着陆襟翼（如系统未损坏）Extend flaps as required when landing(if no system damage)
起落架…………………………提前放下 Landing gear……….Extend in advance
为防止炸弹爆炸后，起落架收放系统或其它系统可能损坏影响起落架放出，机长应根据待飞时间和当时的可用油量综合考虑提前放出缝翼/襟翼和起落架的时机。Fuel situation shall be considered. LDG GEAR and Flaps/Slats should be extended earlier due to possible system malfunctions if explosion occurs.
最终进近开始前：Before commencing final approach:
放气活门………………………………开 outflow valve…………open
合适备降机场比较远，不能马上着陆：If the suitable alternate is far away and immediate landing is impossible:
应通知乘务组按炸弹搜寻检查单进行搜寻 Notify cabin crew to search bomb, comply with bomb searching checklist
临近合适备降机场，按能够在就近合适备降机场着陆执行 When approaching suitable airport, land if:
如炸弹已搜寻： the bomb has been found:
ATC/公司运行控制中心…报告（获取帮助） ATC/SOC……..notify(request assistance)
通知乘务组………炸弹移到LBRL（如可能） Notify cabin crew…….move bomb to LBRL(if possible)
如炸弹发生爆炸：If explosion occurs:
如果使用自动驾驶不能操纵飞机，应使用人工飞行 If flying autopilot cannot maintain flight, manually fly the airplane.
如果怀疑飞机结构损坏，应避免粗猛操纵飞机和减少飞行速度；If the damage to the aircraft structure is suspected, reduce speed and avoid abrupt manoeuvres.
根据情况执行以下快速检查单：Perform the following checklists according to the conditions as:
·座舱释压/紧急下降 cabin depressurization/emergency descent
·飞机失火或冒烟 aircraft fire or smoke
·飞行操纵 flight control malfunction
·电源失效 electrical power failure
·紧急着陆（迫降）Emergency landing (forced landing)
飞机在地面且停住：If Aircraft is on the ground and parked:
撤离………………………………………………………开始 Evacuation………commence
避免使用（LRBL）一侧和靠近炸弹的出口撤离 avoid using exits near LRBL or near the bomb for evacuation
使用所有可用的机场设施尽快撤离 Evacuate as soon as possible by all available airport facilities.
考虑到飞机爆炸受损实施紧急撤离Perform emergency evacuation if required.
飞机上有炸弹应急处置检查单（客舱）Bomb Onboard Emergency Handling Checklist (cabin)
由乘务长和安全员组织乘务组进行处置，保持与驾驶舱联系Flight attendants shall perform procedures under the leadership of the Chief Purser and Air Guard, and maintain communication with cocokpit.
注意：炸弹对飞机结构和系统危害最小的地方(LRBL)见下表 Note: LRBL (Least Risk Bomb Locations):
|
机型aircraft type |
机上最小风险炸弹位置 LRBL |
|
A319/320 |
2R门：右后舱门（Right aft cabin door） |
|
A321 |
4R门：右后舱门（Right aft cabin door） |
|
A300-600R |
4R门：右后服务门(Right rear service door) |
|
B737-300/500 |
2R门: 右后服务门(Right rear service door) |
|
B737-700/800 |
2R门: 右后服务门(Right rear service door) |
|
B757-200 |
4R门：右后服务门(Right rear service door) |
|
B777-200 |
4R门：右后舱门（Right rear cabin door） |
|
MD-82 |
座舱释压后从尾锥抛出 after depressurization, place the bomb in the tail cone in order to toss off the airplane |
|
MD-90 |
座舱释压后从尾锥抛出after depressurization, place the bomb in the tail cone in order to toss off the airplane |
|
ATR-72R |
右后服务门(Right rear service door) |
如果发现炸弹：If bomb discovered:
炸弹………………………………固定好防止滑动，避免震动Bomb……secured to avoid movement and vibration
以发现时的姿态固定好，在检查有无防移动引爆装置之前不要移动，不要切断或剪掉任何导线！Secure the bomb in the form as it is discovered, do not move the device before inspection, do not cut off any wire.
广播……………………………………… “是否有E0D专家”Broadcast…… “is there EOD expert on board”
乘务长广播 Purser broadcast:
女士们，先生们：如果你是EOD专家，请马上与我们联系。谢谢！
“Ladies and Gentlemen:If you are EOD personnel, please contact us! Thanks!” （Explosive Ordnance Disposal-EOD）
旅客………………………………………………引导离开炸弹 Passengers……relocate away from bomb.
旅客转移前报告机长。 Notify the captain before relocating the passengers
要求所有旅客坐到距离爆炸物至少4排座位以远的位置，系好安全带，收起小桌板，调直座椅靠背。 Request for passengers to move at least 4 seat rows away from the bomb, fasten seat belt, retract the traytable and set seats to upright position.
如果座位已满，应坐在客舱前部安全区域的地板上。靠近爆炸物的旅客应用柔软物护住头部，低下头，俯下身。If the seats are fully occupied, instruct the passengers to sit on the floor of the front cabin safety area. Passenger close to the bomb shall take brace positions, cover with soft items.
LRBL附近的所有非必须的电源…………………..都必须关闭 Unnecessary electrical power near LRBL……….turn off
撤离滑梯………………………………………………解除预位Evacuation slide……….DISARM
避免损坏滑梯连接处地板结构和地板下面的有关系统 Avoid damage to the floor structure and the relevant systems under the floor
炸弹……………………………………….检查无防移动装置
Bomb…………..check if movable
a. 要检查是否有防移动电门或手柄，用一根细绳或硬卡片（如紧急信息卡）插到炸弹下面，但不要碰到炸弹。Check if bomb has anti-lift features by carefully sliding a piece of string or a stiff card underneath the device.
b. (emergency information card) under the bomb without disturbing it.
c. 如果绳子或卡片不能插到炸弹下面，说明炸弹有防移动电门或手柄。If the string or card does not slip easily under the bomb, the bomb can not be moved unless its resting surface (such as a seat cushion) can be moved with the bomb. Do not move the bomb without inspecting it.
如果使用的是卡片且能插到炸弹下面，则把卡片留在炸弹下面并随炸弹一起移动。If the string or card slips easily under the bomb, the bomb can be moved.
如果探测出防移动装置，也可以把炸弹连同其所处的表面一起移动，如搁板或坐垫。If bomb has anti-lift trigger, the surface it is resting on may be moved.
如果无法移动炸弹到LRBL：If bomb can not be moved to LRBL:
用塑料薄膜包住炸弹（如垃圾袋），再用湿材料和其它减弱冲击波的材料，如坐垫、毛毯和柔软的手提行李覆盖，避免弄湿炸弹使电动定时器短路。让乘客尽量远离炸弹。Cover the bomb with plastic film(e.g. trash bag), use wet material and other dampening material, such as cushion, blanket and soft suitcases to cover the bomb. Avoid short out of the bomb timer due to moisture. Passengers shall be far away from the bomb.
若炸弹可以移动到LRBL：If the bomb can be moved to LRBL
旅客……………………………………………….移动/通知 Passengers………relocate/notify
-旅客转移前报告机长。Notify the captain before transferring the passengers
-要求所有旅客坐到距离爆炸物至少4排座位远的位置，系好安全带，收起小桌板，调直座椅靠背。Request for passengers to sit at least 4 rows away from the bomb, fasten seat belt, retract the traytable and keep the seatbacks at upright position.
-如果座位已满，应坐在客舱前部安全区域的地板上。靠近可疑物的旅客应用柔软物护住头部，低下头，俯下身。If the seats are fully occupied, instruct the passengers to sit on the floor of the front cabin safety area. Passenger close to the bomb shall assume brace positions, cover themselves with soft materials.
紧急滑梯…………………………………………..解除预位emergency slide….DISARM
-避免损坏滑梯连接处地板结构和地板下面的有关系统Avoid damage to the floor above the emergency slides
最低风险爆炸区（LRBL）……………………………..准备LRBL……………………………prepare
-在舱门中部下面，使用固体行李和物品堆起一个平台，低于门中部约25cm（10英寸）。在平台上面再放上至少25cm（10英寸）打湿的物品，如毯子、坐垫和枕头。Below the midsection of the door, pile a platform (until 25cm or 10inches lower than the middle of the door) composed of passenger baggage or other hard materials, pile wet materials such as blankets or cushions on top of the platform(at least 10 inches).
-用塑料薄膜铺在打湿的物品的上面（如垃圾袋），用来包住炸弹，避免弄湿炸弹使电动定时器短路，cover the wet articles with plastic film (such as rubbish bag) and wrap the bomb to prevent the bomb from getting wet which may cause short circuit of the electronic timer.
炸弹………………………………………………..移到LRBL bomb……………………………move to LRBL
-把炸弹以其原有的姿势小心移动到打湿物品的上面，用塑料薄膜包住炸弹（如垃圾袋），避免弄湿炸弹使电动定时器短路，保持其姿势不变并使炸弹尽可能地靠近舱门结构。Carefully move the bomb in original form on the (wrapped) wet ariticles, cover the bomb with plastic film （such as rubbish bag） to prevent the bomb from getting wet which may cause short circuit of the electronic timer. Keep the bomb near the cabin door as much as possible.
危害最小的炸弹位置……………………………………完成 LRBL………………complete
-在炸弹周围和上面放置最小25cm（10英寸）的打湿物品。Place at least 25 cm (10 feet) wet articles around and on top of the bomb.
-在炸弹与舱门之间不要放置任何东西并使炸弹周围的空间减到最小。Ensure nothing is between the bomb and the door and ensure bomb is tightly covered.
目的：在炸弹周围建立起一层保护层，这样爆炸力就可以被引到唯一的未受保护区域，为避免破坏舱门结构，应在炸弹周围的地方填充座椅垫和其它柔软物品，如手提行李，直到客舱顶部。在炸弹周围堆集的物品越多，损坏越少。只使用柔软物品。不要使用任何金属物品，它们可能会危险地四处飞散。Objective: to establish a protective layer around the bomb, so that the blast is guided to the only unprotected area. To prevent structural damage, pile cushion and other soft articles around the bomb, such as carry-on luggage, up to the ceiling of the cabin. Damage is lessend if more materials are placed around the bomb. Only soft articles should be used. Do not place metal articles.
飞机在地面且停住 aricraft on the ground and parked
撤离……………………………执行 evacuation ………………………… execute
-避免使用（LRBL）一侧和靠近放炸弹的出口撤离 avoid evacuating from the exit near the LRBL.
-使用所有可用的机场设施尽快撤离 use all availiable facilities to evacuate as soon as possible
-考虑到飞机爆炸受损实施紧急撤离 execute the emergency evacuation if necessary
公司爆炸物搜查检查单CSN explosive search checklist
搜查爆炸物，必须仔细按照下面规定的次序进行，为了能接近必须检查的所有部位，必须打开所有舱门、舱口、进气和排气导管、检修和检查口盖等。确保所有为检查目的打开的门和舱盖，在检查完毕后都关好。如果在检查中发现不熟悉的物品，应勿触动或以任何方式搅乱。要立即与地面执法部门进行联系。Comply with the following procedures when searching for the explosive. Open all access pannels, cabin doors and air vents. After the inspection, ensure all doors and access panels are closed. If any unfamiliar articles are found during the inspection, do not touch or scramble them, contact law enforcement personnel.
注：本《检查单》的航空器内部、前舱入口、驾驶舱通道、前舱、前厨房、前盥洗间、主客舱、中厨房和酒吧间、后厨房区和酒吧间、后盥洗室、后舱衣柜和衣帽间统称为客舱，为机组清舱部位。《检查单》的货舱为货运部门清舱部位。《检查单》的其它部位为机务人员清舱部位。Note: in this checklist, the inside of the aircraft, front entrance, cockpit entrance, front cabin, front galley, forward lavatory, main cabin, middle galley and bar, aft galley and bar, aft lavatory, aft wardrobe and cloakroom are all designated locations the crew safety inspection. Cargo compartments are designated locations for cargo crew safety inspection. Other areas are designated locations for the maintenance safety inspection.
搜查程序：search procedure
航空器内部 inside of the airplane
1. 座位，包括盒、袋、椅垫及座位下部 seats including box,bag,chair cushion and below the seat□
2. 经历册和飞行手册存入处storage place for flight log and AFM □
3. 机组人员氧气面罩存放处 storage place for crew member oxygen mask □
1. 整个地板，包括方向舵前方和加强
舵座所有椅下的部位 entire floor area, including in front of the rudders pedals □
4. 蒙顶、侧壁及后壁ceiling, side wall and back wall □
5. 救生衣存放处 storage place for life vest □
6. 机组人员衣帽间和行李存储处 crew member cloakroom and storage place for luaggage □
7. 第三机组成员工作台及抽屉 work station and drawers for the third crew member □
8. 方向舵/刹车脚蹬周围的部位 areas around the rudder pedals and brakes □
9. 急救包内部 inside the first-aid kit □
前舱入口 front entry
1. 扶梯，包括下部 stairs, including its lower areas □
2. 检查客梯与机身的连接 connection between fuselage and passenger stairs □
3. 紧急滑梯存放处 storage place for the emergency slide □
4. 客舱乘务员座位，救生船存放处和椅背cabin attendant seats and seatbacks, storage places for life boat□
5. 前风档和储存包括隔间 front wind shield and partition □
6. 氧气面罩存放处；蒙顶和舱壁storage areas for oxygen masks, ceiling and wall □
7. 灭火器放置处 storage areas for the fire extinguishers□
驾驶舱通道 cockpit entrance
1. 四壁、蒙顶和地板 walls, ceiling and floor □
2. 衣帽间 cloakroom □
3. 行李架-行李移开后的整个面积 move and inspect the area behind the luggage rack □
4. 在行李架和衣帽间上面的空格the space above the rack and cloakroom □
5. 饮水器、杯子放置处，用过的杯子
放置处、排水阀口 water dispenser, storage place for cups and used cups, drain port □
6. 储存间侧壁旁边和上面部位，前盥
洗室的前部 area above the storage room, front lavatory, front of the wash basin □
前舱 front cabin
1. 衣帽间和氧气面罩及救生衣存放处 cloakroom, storage areas for oxygen masks and life vests □
2. 乘务员和旅客的座位(包括下部)seats for attendants and passengers (and underneath) □
3. 旅客铺位 passengers bunks □
4. 舱顶、地板和四壁ceiling,floor and walls □
5. 机组人员和旅客救生衣存放处crew and passengers life vest storage areas□
6. 手提氧气瓶存放箱 storage areas for portable oxygen bottles □
7. 座位（袋及存放氧气面罩的格子） seats (bags and grids for oxygen masks) □
8. 在后休息室椅子之间的桌子及其隔板in the break room: table inbetween seats and clapboards□
9. 紧急滑梯存放处 storage areas for emergency slides □
10. 文件箱 document case □
前厨房 front gally
1. 如果尚未移开，移去所有容器、食
品箱和炉灶 move away all containers, food boxes and cooking range , □
2. 打开并检查所有厨房内隔间、酒吧
间和冰箱； open and inspect bar and fridge for all galleys including the partition □
3. 检查厨房和酒吧间移出的容器 inspect the containers removed from galley and bar □
4. 氧气面罩存放处（酒吧间）storage for oxygen masks(in the bar) □
5. 厨房服务门(磁带存放处、铰链凹槽)gally door (grooves and hindges, storage for casette,)□
6. 紧急滑梯放置处 storage for emergency slide □
7. 检修门上方的隔间partition above the access panel □
前盥洗间front lavatory
1. 未移出的脏、废物料移出dispose trash and rubbish □
2. 将洗涤池下的容器移开检查洗涤池
四周所装物品和部位remove the container below the wash basin and inspect □
3. 检查毛巾间 storage areas for towls □
4. 手纸卷架toilet roll frame □
5. 卫生间lavatoy □
6. 镜及镜柜mirror and mirror cabinet □
7. 四壁、舱顶和地板 walls, ceiling and floor □
8. 门 door □
9. 氧气面罩存放处 storage for oxygen masks □
10. 饮水处入口water dispenser □
11. 废水容器 waste water container □
主客舱 main cabin
2. 座位(盒、袋、氧气面罩存放处、
垫子和椅子下部) seats,(boxes,bags,storage of oxygen masks, cushions and below the seats) □
3. 枕头架、毯子、扶手 pillow shelf,blanket, armrest □
4. 地板-如怀疑有异物，可移动地毯 floor: if in doubt, remove the carpet □
5. 四壁，包括窗及窗帘 walls, including windows and curtains □
6. 隔柜、放脚凹槽及氧气面罩存放处partitions, recesses for foot and storage for oxygen masks □
7. 舱顶 ceiling □
8. 灯具凹槽 recesses of lights □
9. 每一个扶手末段的隔间 areas behind each armrest □
10. 后舱座位后面的隔间 partitions behind the last row of seats□
11. 帽架上面的担架设备存放处areas above the hat stand □
12. 示范救生衣存放处 demonstration life vest storage areas□
13. 紧急安全绳索隔间 storage area for the emergency safety cord □
14. 紧急滑梯存放处 storage area for emergency slides □
15. 主门及主门关闭时的凹槽 exposed recessed area when cabin door is closed □
16. 杂志架 magazine shelf □
17. 救生艇存放处storage areas for life rafts □
18. 救生衣架 life vest shelves □
19. 旅客铺位passengers bunks □
20. 氧气间 oxygen cubby □
21. 货物系留环存放处 storage area for cargo □
22. 文件架 document shelves □
23. 急救箱（未封闭）first-aid kits (unsealed) □
24. 旅客氧气供应装置，取下并检查 supply equipments for passenger oxygen, take down and inspect □
25. 氧气和二氧化碳存放抽屉，第一、
二和三厨房前边和尾部、盥洗间 storage area for the oxygen and carbon dioxide, the first, second and third gally and toilet □
翼上紧急出口开放盖 over-wing emergency exits □
尾部进口客舱乘务员座位 aft cabin attendant seats □
饮水器、送杯器、用过的杯子存放
处和地板上的放水阀接近部位watering dispenser, storage area for the cups and used cups, drain port □
轻便紧急出口指示灯，将灯移开进
行检查。 Displace the emergency exit indicator lights and inspcet □
中厨房和酒吧间 middle gally and bar
1. 如果尚未移开，移去所有容器、食
品箱和炉灶move away all containers, food boxes and cooking range □
2. 打开并检查所有厨房内隔间、酒吧
间和冰箱 open and inspect all partitions, bars and frige in the gally □
3. 检查厨房和酒吧间移出的容器inspect the containers moved from gally and bar □
4. 四壁、蒙顶和地板around walls, ceiling and floor □
5. 酒吧间前隔柜内玻璃杯存放处storage of glass in the front partitions of the bar □
6. 尾部装置后边隔间内的急救箱-仅对未封闭first kit(unsealed) at aft partition
□
7. 检修门上的隔间 partitions above the access panel □
8. 检修门和凹槽 access panel and recess □
9. 紧急滑梯放置处 storage area of emergency slide □
10. 第二厨房通道里的客舱乘务员座位attendant seats at the alleyway of the second gally □
11. 天花板内的氧气面罩存放隔间storage of oxygen masks in the ceiling □
12. 轻便紧急出口指示灯，将灯移开进
行检查portable emergency exit indicator lights, move away and inspect □
后厨房区和酒吧区back gally and bar
1. 乘务员座位 flight attendant seats □
2. 厨房-移开所有容器 gally: move away all containers □
3. 打开并检查所有隔间open and inspect all the partitions □
4. 四壁、蒙顶和地板 walls ,ceiling and floor □
5. 前隔柜的隔间 partitions of the front cabinet □
6. 检查从航空器移下的各种容器 inspect all containers removed from the aircraft □
7. 外交邮件柜 diplomatic mails cabinet □
8. 厨房检修门的紧急滑梯存放处storage of emegency slide at the access panel of gally □
9. 紧急滑梯存放处（每一个舱门）storage of emergency slide (each entry) □
10. 舱门铰链凹槽 recesses of the cabin door□
11. 救生艇存放处 storage area for life raft □
12. 氧气瓶在舱顶的存放处 storage of oxygen bottles at the ceiling □
后盥洗室 aft toilet
1. 清除脏、废物 clear rubbish □
2. 移动和检查洗涤池下的容器move and inspect the container under the basin □
3. 检查洗涤池及其周围 inspect the basin area□
4. 毛巾容器 storage area for the towls □
5. 卫生纸卷架 toilet roll frame□
6. 恭桶座及盖toilet and its cover □
7. 镜及镜柜 mirror and mirror cabinet □
8. 乘务员座 attendant seats □
9. 门cabin door □
10. 四壁、舱顶及地板 walls, ceiling and floor □
11. 氧气面罩存放处 storage of oxygen masks □
12. 饮水器附近 watering dispenser□
13. 废水容器 waste water container □
后舱衣柜和衣帽间cloakroom
1. 取出衣物和手提行李 take out clothes and carry-on baggages □
2. 检查整个部位 inspect all areas□
3. 吊床和吊架 hammock and frame □
4. 氧气面罩存放处 storage of oxygen masks □
5. 急救药箱（未加封）first-aid kit (unsealed) □
6. 救生衣存放处 storage of life vest □
航空器外部 outside of the aircraft
机体：（下述各门和孔口后面/里面的部位均应检查）fuselage （the back and inside of following enties and ports shall be inspected）
1. 雷达天线罩 radar antena dome □
2. 地面空气接头板 access panel for ASU□
3. 机舱压气机进气口 access panel for ACU□
4. 机舱压气机舱盖cabin cover for cabin compressor □
5. 多普勒导航仪天线门 antena cover for DOPOLO navigation □
6. 机舱压气机排气口outlet of cabin compressor □
7. 热交换气控制舱盖 □access panel for heat exchangers
8. 热交换气出口导流叶片guide blades at the outlet for heat exchanger □
9. 无线电支架出气口 outlet of radio shelf □
10. 信标托架（拆下信标） beacon bracket (remove bracket) □
11. 保险柜及内装物 security cabinet and articles inside □
12. 手电筒（检查电池）flashlight (inspect batteries) □
13. 急救箱封条是否正常check whether the seal of first-aid kit has been tampered □
14. 救生艇舱密封是否正常check the seal of the life raft □
15. 附属隔间门 adjacent partition door □
16. 附油箱沉淀槽门 secondary fuel tank sediment panel □
17. 客舱压力安全阀 cabin pressure safety valve □
18. 后舱废水检修盖aft cabin waste water access cover □
19. 座舱压力调节阀cabin pressure regulation valve □
20. 后舱废物排放系统盖aft lavatory disposal panel□
21. 稳定系统检查口stabliaze check access □
22. 尾锥检查口 □
23. 后舱板小维修隔间 □
24. 后货舱门 back cargo hold door □
25. 前货舱门 front cargo hold door □
26. 空调地面接头盖 ACU access panel (mentioned above in 3) □
27. 外部电源保险丝盖exterior fuse panel □
28. 外部电源接受处ground power receptacle □
客舱气压间 cabin air condition compartment
1. 整个舱位，特别是空凹处 entire compartment, especially recessed areas □
附件舱accessory compartment
1. 整个舱位及全部装置 entire compartment and all equipment □
货舱cargo hold
2. 前货舱，特别是货舱门地板盖 front cargo hold, especially the floor cover of the cargo hold
铰链(弹簧板下面的部位) hindge (areas below spring board) □
3. 废水箱舱 waste water compartment □
4. 飞行用具箱 flight equipment compartment □
5. 后货舱(特别是货物入口铰链接合处)aft cargo hold (especial area between the hindges and cargo door)□
6. 紧接后货舱后面地段 aft cargo hold (most rearward areas) □
起落架轮舱和机轮landing gear well and wheels
1. 前轮舱,接触不到和拉链盖住的部位 front whell well, areas hidden from view□
2. 整个主轮舱和机翼根部LH+RH部位 entire main whell well and the wing root □
3. 机轮、轮鼓、轮胎、轮像、刹车和
减震支柱、横支撑杆、横梁、拉
杆、动作简、构架转向架等部位 wheel, wire, brake and □
机翼wings
1. 机翼、后缘襟翼部分 wing and trailing edge flaps □
2. 燃料及输管的弹簧盖fuel pipe spring-covers □
3. 灭火瓶的弹簧盖fire exstinguisher spring-covers □
4. 压力加油接头 pressure fueling connector □
5. 检查孔弹簧盖 inspect fuel port spring cover □
6. 燃油通气孔 fuel tank vent □
发动机和吊柱engines and pylons
1. 发动机进气道、排气和风扇涵道 engine inlet pipe, outlet pipe and fan □
2. 滑油气动热交换器，进气扇斗 oil heat exchanger, inlet fan □
3. 滑油加油盖 cover for adding oil □
4. 发动机热交换器出气口 outlet port of engine heat exchanger □
5. 恒速传动滑油加油盖 CSD oil cover □
6. 打开发动机整流罩孔口和风扇导
流叶栅对整个发动机装罩和整流
罩以及吊架上的所有孔口进行检查 open engine cowl and fan □
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